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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of noradrenaline and somatostatin on basal and stimulated mucosal ion transport in the guinea-pig small intestine (1986)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 333 (1986), S. 393-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Enteric neurons ; Mucosal transport ; Noradrenaline ; Somatostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Noradrenaline (NA) and somatostatin (SOM) stimulate intestinal water and ion absorption and are found in mucosal nerve fibres and nerve terminals in submucous ganglia of the guinea-pig small intestine. As the main projection of submucous neurons is to the mucosa, NA and SOM might alter mucosal transport either by a direct effect on the epithelium or indirectly, by affecting submucous neurons. In this study these two possible sites of action of NA and SOM have been investigated in mucosa-submucosa preparations of guinea-pig ileum. In addition, the actions of NA and SOM on the secretory responses caused by stimulation of different populations of submucous neurons have been studied. The stimulants of secretion used were a nicotinic agonist, 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP, 10−5 M), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 10−7 M) and electrical field stimulation (EFS), which activate cholinergic, noncholinergic and mixed populations of submucous secretomotor neurons, respectively. Segments of intestine were dissected free of external muscle and myenteric plexus and mounted in Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (I sc) was measured as an indication of net active ion transport across the tissue. NA (≥10−8 M) and SOM (〉10−10 M) each caused a decrease in I sc, indicating a net increase in ion absorption. The NA response was abolished and the magnitude of the SOM response was reduced to 20% by tetrodotoxin (10−7 M). DMPP, 5-HT and EFS each stimulated nerves that increased I sc and each of these responses was significantly diminished by NA and SOM; for both NA and SOM the decrease in the DMPP response was significantly greater than the decrease observed in the response to carbachol (10−6 M). Phentolamine (10−6 M) abolished all of the effects of NA but caused no change in the SOM effects. These studies have shown that NA and SOM cause similar changes in net ion transport, that their actions are primarily on submucous secretomotor neurons and that NA and SOM can diminish the responses to stimulation of both cholinergic and noncholinergic submucous neurons. In this tissue it is also known that SOM coexists with NA in noradrenergic nerve terminals in the submucosa. However, when applied together, NA and SOM caused no greater decrement in the carbachol and 5-HT responses than would be predicted by adding the separate effects of NA and SOM. Hence there was no obvious interaction between NA and SOM effects on mucosal transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500015
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the anatomy and amine histochemistry of the nerves and ganglia which supply the pelvic viscera and on the associated chromaffin tissue in the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 85-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Adrenergic nerves ; Chromaffin cells ; Pelvic viscera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organs of the lower abdominal and pelvic regions of the guinea-pig receive nerves from the inferior mesenteric ganglia and pelvic plexuses. The inferior mesenteric ganglia connect with the sympathetic chains, the superior mesenteric ganglia, the pelvic plexuses via the hypogastric nerves, and with the gut. Each pelvic plexus consists of anterior and posterior parts which send filaments to the internal generative organs and to the rectum, internal anal sphincter and other pelvic organs. The pelvic nerves enter the posterior plexuses, which also receive rami from the sacral sympathetic chains. The adrenergic neurons of the pelvic plexuses are monopolar, do not have dendrites and are supplied by few varicose adrenergic axons. Nearly all the nerves contain adrenergic fibres. After exposure to formaldehyde vapour the chromaffin cells appear brightly fluorescent with one or two long, often varicose, processes. Most of the chromaffin cells are in Zuckerkandl's organ or in chromaffin bodies associated with the inferior mesenteric ganglia. Groups of chromaffin cells are found along the hypogastric nerves and in the pelvic plexuses; they become smaller and fewer as regions more posterior to Zuckerkandl's organ are approached.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520720
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ramifications of adrenergic nerve terminals in the rectum, anal sphincter and anal accessory muscles of the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 109-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Adrenergic nerves ; Anal sphincter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomy and the adrenergic innervation of the rectum, internal anal sphincter and of accessory structures are described for the guinea-pig. The distribution of adrenergic nerves was examined using the fluorescence histochemical technique applied to both sections and whole mount preparations. The longitudinal and circular muscle of the rectum and the muscularis mucosae are all supplied by adrenergic nerve terminals. The density of the adrenergic innervation of the muscularis externa increases towards the anal sphincter. There is a very dense innervation of the internal anal sphincter, of the anal accessory muscles and of the corrugator ani. Non-fluorescent neurons in the ganglia of the myenteric plexus are supplied by adrenergic terminals. The ganglia become smaller and sparser towards the internal anal sphincter and non-ganglionated nerve strands containing adrenergic axons run from the plexus to the sphincter muscle. Adrenergic fibers innervate two interconnected ganglionated plexuses in the submucosa. Very few adrenergic nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus and they were not found at all in the submucosa. The extrinsic arteries and veins of the pelvic region are heavily innervated by adrenergic nerves. Within the gut wall the arteries are densely innervated but there is little or no innervation of the veins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520721
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origins of the adrenergic fibres which innervate the internal anal sphincter, the rectum, and other tissues of the pelvic region in the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 129-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Adrenergic nerves ; Pelvic viscera ; Gastrointestinal tract
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the pelvic viscera was examined by the fluorescence histochemical technique, applied to tissue from untreated guinea-pigs and from guinea-pigs in which nerve pathways had been interrupted at operation. It was found that adrenergic neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglia give rise to axons which run in the colonic nerves and end in the myenteric and submucous plexuses and around the arteries of the distal colon. In the rectum, part of the innervation of the myenteric plexus and all of the innervation of the submucous plexus comes from the inferior mesenteric ganglia. The rest of the adrenergic innervation of the myenteric plexus comes from the posterior pelvic ganglia or the sacral sympathetic chains. The innervation of the blood vessels of the rectum is from the posterior pelvic ganglia. Adrenergic nerves run from the sacral sympathetic chains and pass via nerves accompanying the rectal arteries to the internal anal sphincter. Other adrenergic fibres to the internal anal sphincter either arise in, or pass through, the posterior pelvic plexuses. The anal accessory muscle is innervated by adrenergic axons arising in the posterior pelvic plexuses. Adrenergic nerves which run in the pudendal nerves, probably from the sacral sympathetic chains, innervate the erectile tissue of the penis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520326
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The adrenergic innervation of the vessels supplying and draining the gastrointestinal tract (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 67-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract ; Vascular innervation ; Adrenergic nerves ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fluorescence histochemical method has been used to investigate the adrenergic innervation of the vessels of the gastrointestinal tract. Both stretch preparations and sections of blood vessels taken from cats, guinea-pigs, rabbits and rats were examined. A dense innervation of the major mesenteric arteries and their branches was found. Most of the nerve fibres are at the adventitio-medial border, but a few fibres penetrate the mediae of some large arteries. The innervation of the arterial branches in the gut wall is also dense, particularly in the submucosa. Generally, adrenergic nerves do not accompany capillaries. Arterio-venous shunts are apparently without any specialised adrenergic innervation. The veins of the gut wall are very sparsely supplied by adrenergic nerves but, except in the cat, as the veins increase in size towards the hepatic portal vein their density of innervation also increases. The hepatic portal vein is heavily innervated, most of the nerves being at the outer limit of the circular muscle. The innervation of the vessels of the gastrointestinal tract is correlated with their responses to the stimulation of sympathetic nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331202
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and distribution of intrinsic adrenergic neurones in the proximal colon of the guinea-pig (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 346-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract ; Adrenergic nerves ; Enteric ganglia ; Sympathetic denervation ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fluorescence histochemical method has been used to examine the adrenergic innervation of the proximal colon of the guinea-pig. Previous investigations have shown that the adrenergic fibres of the gastrointestinal tract arise from extrinsic ganglia. However, in this work it is shown that adrenergic nerve cells are found in the myenteric plexus of the proximal colon and that these cells provide varicose terminals about ganglion cells in the nodes of the plexus. About 75% of the nodes of the myenteric plexus in the proximal colon contain adrenergic cells. A few cells are also observed along the internodal strands. The cells have a cytoplasmic fluorescence, which is of different intensity in different cells, but there is no fluorescence of the nucleus. Processes can be traced from most cells and in some cases these are seen to become varicose. Interruption of extrinsic nerve pathways to the intestine causes a disappearance of the fluorescence reaction of the adrenergic terminals in the ileum, most of the distal colon and in the submucosal and perivascular plexuses of the proximal colon. In contrast, about 60% of the adrenergic terminals in the myenteric plexus of the proximal colon survive extrinsic denervation. From cell counts, it is estimated there are about 10000 adrenergic cells in the proximal colon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324897
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The adrenergic innervation of the cardio-vascular system of the lizard Trachysaurus rugosus (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 150-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardio-vascular innervation ; Reptilia ; Adrenergic nerves ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fluorescence histochemical method has been used to study the adrenergic innervation of the cardio-vascular system of the lizard, Trachysaurus rugosus. The cardiac muscle of the caval veins, sinus venosus, auricle and of the papillary muscle of the ventricle is heavily innervated. Some areas of the ventricles are uninnervated. The aortic arches and the elastic arteries are all adrenergically innervated. These arteries have nerve fibres in their mediae and innervated vasa vasorum at the medio-adventitial border. Adrenergic nerves usually do not penetrate the media of muscular arteries. The pattern of innervation of the peripheral arteries is similar to that of mammals, the principal exception being the pulmonary artery which is extremely densely innervated. All the major veins are innervated, but the innervation is generally far sparser than that of the arteries. Many of the small veins have little or no adrenergic innervation. The patterns of innervation seen in stretched, air dried preparations and in sections are described and possible functional implications are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335293
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Innervation of the large arteries and heart of the toad (Bufo marinus) by adrenergic and peptide-containing neurons (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 171-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Perivascular nerves ; Cardiac innervation ; Neuropeptides ; Neuropeptide Y ; Substance P ; Adrenergic nerves ; Amphibia, Anura (Bufo marinus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the major arteries and heart of the toad (Bufo marinus) was examined by use of glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence and peptide immunohistochemistry. All arteries possessed a moderate to dense plexus of adrenergic axons, which also showed neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI). Some adrenergic axons in the intracardiac vagal trunks showed NPY-LI, but the varicose adrenergic axons innervating the cardiac muscle of the atria and ventricle, and the coronary blood vessels did not display NPY-LI. About half of the nerve cell bodies in the anterior sympathetic chain ganglia with dopamine-β-hydroxylase-LI (DBH-LI) also contained NPY-LI. The nerve cell bodies with DBH-LI alone were generally larger (median diameter 30 μm) than those with both DBH-LI and NPY-LI (median diameter 20 μm). Some cell bodies showing DBH-LI alone were surrounded by boutons with NPY-LI but not DBH-LI. Axons that displayed simultaneously both substance P-LI (SP-LI) and calcitonin gene-related peptide-LI (CGRP-LI) also formed a plexus around all arteries studied, being particularly dense around the mesenteric and pulmonary arteries. These axons are most likely sensory since SP-LI was reduced by capsaicin treatment, and nerve cell bodies with both SP-LI and CGRP-LI were found in dorsal root ganglia and the vagal ganglion. A dense plexus of axons showing somatostatin-LI was located around the pulmonary artery and its main intrapulmonary branches. A few nerves with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-LI were found around the dorsal aorta and pulmonary artery. No perivascular nerves with enkephalin-LI were observed. Reversed-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography of acid extracts of the large arteries showed that the major peaks of NPY-LI and SP-LI coeluted with porcine NPY (1–36) and synthetic SP (1–11), respectively. Thus, the location and structure of these peptides in perivascular nerves has been highly conserved during vertebrate evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221866
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative analysis of inputs to somatostatin-immunoreactive descending interneurons in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Enteric nervous system ; Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Intestinal motility ; Synaptic connections ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Somatostatin immunoreactivity occurs in a specific subgroup of cholinergic descending interneurons in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine. In the present work, we made light- and electron-microscopic investigations of chemically defined inputs to these neurons, in order that the origins of the connections of other neurons with them could be deduced. Somatostatin-immunoreactive synapses and close contacts were found on the cell bodies and filamentous processes of somatostatin neurons; these were 84% of all inputs. It is thus confirmed that this class of interneuron forms chains that project anally. Descending interneurons with immunoreactivity for nitric oxide synthase provided 14% of inputs to somatostatin-immunoreactive descending interneurons. An antiserum against a calcium-binding protein, calbindin, was used as marker for the majority of intrinsic primary afferent neurons, AH/Dogiel type II neurons; this class of neurons provided only 2.5% of the inputs to somatostatin-immunoreactive descending interneurons. We conclude that somatostatin-immunoreactive descending interneurons are involved in the conduction of impulses distally along the full length of the small intestine, but receive only a minor input from calbindin-immunoreactive primary afferent neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051171
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatostatin in human enteric nerves (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 299-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Somatostatin immunoreactivity ; Somatostatin-containing neurons ; Stomach ; Intestine small ; Intestine, large ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Somatostatin-immunoreactive nerves and endocrine cells were localized by use of immunohistochemistry in human stomach, small and large intestine. The nature of the immunoreactivity in acid extracts of separated layers of intestine was determined with separation by high pressure liquid chromatography followed by detection with radioimmunoassay; authentic somatostatin-14 was found in the external musculature, which contains nerves, and in the submucosa and mucosa, which contain both nerve fibres and endocrine cells. The distribution of somatostatin nerves in the gastric antrum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending and sigmoid colon, and rectum is described. In the intestine many positive perikarya and fine varicose fibres were seen. Mucosal fibres formed a sub-epithelial plexus and a looser network in the lamina propria; this nerve supply was less dense in the large intestine. Submucous ganglia contained positive perikarya and terminals; many terminals formed pericellular baskets, mainly around non-reactive cells. A small number of nerve fibres were associated with submucosal blood vessels. The innervation of the circular and longitudinal muscle was sparse. Positive nerve terminals were seen in the myenteric plexus, although fewer than in the submucous ganglia; positive perikarya were scarce in myenteric ganglia. Somatostatin-immunoreactive nerves were found in the muscle layers and myenteric plexus of the gastric antrum, but were not detected in the antral mucosa and all layers of the gastric body. The distribution of human enteric somatostatin nerves is compared to that in small laboratory animals, and possible roles for these nerves are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217149
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