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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relative importance of demand and supply shocks some international evidence (1992)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 17 (1992), S. 523-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C 32 ; E 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the contribution of demand and supply shocks of the fluctuation of output and employment is analyzed using quarterly data for four countries (USA, UK, FRG and Switzerland) covering the period 1966 to 1988 in a long run restricted VAR framework for employment, output, the interest rate and inflation. For the USA output and employment fluctuations seem to be dominated by supply shocks in theshort and long run, whereas interest and price level variations are dominated by demand shocks. The result obtained with German and Swiss data are, however, different with two respects: The contribution of demand shocks to output and employment fluctuations are substantial up to a time horizon of eight quarters and price level variations, are at least in the short run, dominated by supply disturbances. Finally, the analysis of the UK data shows the US pattern of results for employment and the price level, but demand shocks are important for output up to four quarters and interest rate movements are dominated by supply shocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01205394
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphometric analysis of mitochondria and boutons in the dentate gyrus molecular layer of aged rats (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 179 (1989), S. 411-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Boutons ; Hippocampus ; Aged rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic morphometric analysis of the volume density of mitochondria and boutons in the dentate gyrus molecular layer was carried out in young (3–4 months old) and aged (26–27 months old) Wistar rats. This study showed that the volume fraction of mitochondria per unit volume of the neuropil in aged rats did not differ significantly from that in young animals. The comparison of different zones of the molecular layer (supragranular, inner, middle and outer zone) showed a significant increase in the mitochondrial volume density from the supragranular to the outer zone in both animal groups. These stereologic results are discussed in relation to the histochemical pattern of the mitochondrial enzymes in young and aged rats. Only in the supragranular zone was there a statistically significant difference in the volume density of boutons, i.e. aged rats showed about a 20% higher volume density than did young rats. It is suspected that this increase in bouton volume density could be due to the agerelated atrophy of smaller dendritic shafts previously reported in senescent Fischer rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305068
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial enzymes related to glutamate and GABA metabolism in the hippocampus of young and aged rats: A quantitative histochemical study (1992)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 17 (1992), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Quantitative enzyme histochemistry ; glutamate ; GABA ; hippocampus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative histochemistry (scanning microphotometry) was used to determine the activities of the mitochondrial enzymes NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.41),l-glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) and GABA transaminase (EC 2.6.1.19) in various layers of the hippocampus (middle one third) of young (3–4 months old) and memory-impaired aged rats (28–30 months old). For comparison, determinations of cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) as a marker for mitochondria and energy metabolism were also performed. The study showed that there was a layered reaction pattern in the hippocampus and that the cellular distribution and the levels of enzyme activity were different. However, the activities of the different enzymes (excepting GABA transaminase and cytochrome c oxidase) were significantly correlated in the hippocampus in both age groups. Age-dependent changes were only observed for NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase and GABA transaminase (significant increases of activities in some layers of the hippocampus, preferentially in the terminal field of the perforant path). From the present study it is concluded that,1. the enzymatic complement of mitochondria in neurons and glia depends upon layer specific metabolic processes of the hippocampus (also with respect to glutamatergic and GABAergic terminal fields) indicating a layer specific interaction of the enzymes studied to produce or catabolize glutamate and GABA, and2. the age dependent changes of the studied enzymes are very restricted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00966797
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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