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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 179 (1989), S. 411-414 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Boutons ; Hippocampus ; Aged rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic morphometric analysis of the volume density of mitochondria and boutons in the dentate gyrus molecular layer was carried out in young (3–4 months old) and aged (26–27 months old) Wistar rats. This study showed that the volume fraction of mitochondria per unit volume of the neuropil in aged rats did not differ significantly from that in young animals. The comparison of different zones of the molecular layer (supragranular, inner, middle and outer zone) showed a significant increase in the mitochondrial volume density from the supragranular to the outer zone in both animal groups. These stereologic results are discussed in relation to the histochemical pattern of the mitochondrial enzymes in young and aged rats. Only in the supragranular zone was there a statistically significant difference in the volume density of boutons, i.e. aged rats showed about a 20% higher volume density than did young rats. It is suspected that this increase in bouton volume density could be due to the agerelated atrophy of smaller dendritic shafts previously reported in senescent Fischer rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Renin ; Angiotensin ; Angiotensinogen ; Converting enzyme ; Immunzytochemie ; Juxtaglomerulärer Apparat ; Renin ; Angiotensin ; Angiotensinogen ; Converting enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die intrarenale Verteilung von Renin, Converting enzyme (CE) und Angiotensin II (ANG II) wurde mit immunzytochemischen Methoden an Ratten und Mäusen untersucht. Die hier aufgezeigten spezifischen Verteilungsmuster dieser Komponenten des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems (RAS) legen die Annahme nahe, daß es neben den bekannten systemischen, durch ANG II vermittelten Effekten des RAS auch lokale Interaktionen von RAS-Bestandteilen innerhalb der Niere gibt. — Eine erste Folge dieser Interaktionen dürfte die intrarenale Generation einer zusätzlichen Portion von ANG II im Nierenblutstrom sein, deren Zielgebiet durch die spezifische Lokalisation von CE in bestimmten Endothelbereichen der Nierenstrombahn bestimmt wird. Solche intrarenal-intravasalen Reaktionen können für sich wirksam werden, aber auch den Effekt von „systemisch“, d.h. prärenal generiertem ANG II verstärken. — Unsere Ergebnisse sprechen weiter dafür, daß es neben diesen intrarenal-intravasalen auch echte intrarenal-interstitielle Interaktionen der RAS-Komponenten gibt, deren Wirkung sich über das im Interstitium der Nierenrinde generierte ANG II allein auf die Niere beschränkt. Für das Vorhandensein eines solchen lokal-intrarenalen RAS spricht vor allem der Nachweis von ANG II in den epitheloiden Zellen des JGA und die Dissoziation des systemischen — an der Plasmakonzentration abzulesenden — Renin und ANG II von deren lokal-intrarenalen Konzentrationen bei renal hypertensiven Ratten.
    Notes: Summary The localization of renin, converting enzyme (CE) and angiotensin II (ANG II) in the kidneys of rats and mice was investigated with immunocytochemical methods. According to the presence and specific intrarenal localization of these components of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) our results suggest that in addition to the well known systemic effects of the RAS, there are interactions of its components inside the kidney. These interactions may lead to the generation of an extra portion of ANG II in the renal blood stream with its target cells determined by the localization of CE at the luminal side of well defined endothelial areas. These intrarenal-intravasal reactions may or may not reinforce the action of “systemic” ANG II, generated prerenally. In addition, the existence of true intrarenal-interstitial interactions, with the different components and actions of this intrarenal RAS restricted entirely to the kidney is suggested by our results, particularly the demonstration of ANG II within epitheloid cells and the dissociation of systemic renin and ANG II from their local concentrations in renal hypertensive rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 74 (1996), S. 107-115 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is hypothesized that metabolic and mechanical changes in human locomotion associated with changes in speed v are constrained by two attractive strategies: $$Q_{{\text{metab}}} = 1{\text{ and }}\Delta Q_{{\text{metab}}} /\Delta v = {\text{a}}$$ positive definite constant. $$Q_{{\text{metab}}} = \Delta {\rm E}_{\text{k}} {\text{s}}^{{\text{ - 1}}} /{\text{ml O}}_{\text{2}} {\text{s}}^{{\text{ - 1}}} $$ where ΔEs−1 is the summed increments and decrements per unit time in the translational and rotational kinetic energies of the body's segments and ml O2s−1 is the rate at which chemical energy is dissipated. The expected constancy of ΔQ metab/Δv metab was derived from an extension of Ehrenfest's adiabatic hypothesis by which transformations (increases, decreases) in locomotion v can be considered as adiabatic, even though the biological conditions are nonconservative and non-rate-limited. The expected significance of Q metab=1 was derived from stability considerations of the symmetry per stride of stored and dissipated energy. An experimental evaluation was provided by collecting metabolic and mechanical measures on walking (10 subjects) and running (9 subjects) at progressively greater treadmill speeds but within the aerobic limit. Results revealed that walking was restricted to ometab ⩽ 1 with a nonlinear trajectory in v×Q metab coordinates shaped by Q metab=1 (primarily) and the constancy of ΔQ metab/Δv. Running satisfied Q metab 〉 1, with a linear trajectory in v×Q metab coordinates conforming to ΔQ metab/Δv=a constant, with the constant predicted from invariants in the mechanical space v×ΔE ks−1. Results also suggested that the metabolic costs of running might be predictable from measures made in the v×ΔE ks−1 space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Macroeconomics 9 (1987), S. 505-525 
    ISSN: 0164-0704
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Economics Letters 37 (1991), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 0165-1765
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Economics Letters 33 (1990), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 0165-1765
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Economics Letters 31 (1989), S. 91-94 
    ISSN: 0165-1765
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Economics Letters 24 (1987), S. 219-222 
    ISSN: 0165-1765
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Economics Letters 26 (1988), S. 235-239 
    ISSN: 0165-1765
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 13 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST localized in astrocytes are essential in limiting transmitter signalling and restricting harmful receptor overstimulation. To show changes in the expression of both transporters following lesion of the entorhinal cortex (and degeneration of the glutamatergic tractus perforans), quantitative microscopic in situ hybridization (ISH) using alkaline-phosphatase-labelled oligonucleotide probes was applied to the outer molecular layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus of rats (termination field of the tractus perforans). Four groups of rats were studied: sham-operated controls, and animals 3, 14 and 60 days following unilateral electrolytic lesion of the entorhinal cortex. The postlesional shrinkage of the terminal field of the perforant path, ipsilateral to the lesion side, was determined and considered in the evaluation of quantitative ISH data. Statistical analysis revealed that ipsilateral to the lesion side there was a significant decrease of the GLT-1 mRNA at every postlesional time-point and of the GLAST mRNA at 14 and 60 days postlesion. The maximal decrease was ≈ 45% for GLT-1 and ≈ 35% for GLAST. In the terminal field of the perforant path contralateral to the lesion side, no significant changes of ISH labelling were measured. The results were complemented by immunocytochemical data achieved using antibodies against synthetic GLT-1 and GLAST peptides. In accordance with ISH results, there was an obvious decrease of GLT-1 and GLAST immunostaining in the terminal field of the perforant path ipsilateral to the lesion side. From these data we conclude that, following a lesioning of the entorhinal cortex, the loss of glutamatergic synapses in the terminal field of the perforant path resulted in a strong downregulation of glutamate transporters in astrocytes. The decrease of synaptically released glutamate or of other neuronal factors could be involved in this downregulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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