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Phase differences between chest and mouth flows in patients suffering from pulmonary disease

Mishima, M. ; Kawakami, K. ; Sugiura, N. ; [et al.]

Amsterdam : Elsevier

Respiration Physiology 90 (1992), S. 67-85

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ISSN: 0034-5687

Keywords: Airflow ; COPD ; Disease ; Mammals ; Phase difference ; airflow mouth vs chest ; humans ; mouth vs chest ; phase difference airflow

Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002

Topics: Medicine

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0034-5687(92)90135-J

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Body composition and isokinetic strength of professional Sumo wrestlers (1998)

Kanehisa, H. ; Kondo, M. ; Ikegawa, S. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 77 (1998), S. 352-359

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Key words Heavy-weight athletes ; Performance ability ; B-mode ultrasound ; Fat-free mass ; Muscle cross-sectional area

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the profiles of body composition and force generation capability in professional Sumo wrestlers. The subjects were 23 professional Sumo wrestlers [mean age 22.0 (SEM 1.2) years] including those ranked in the lower- (Jonokuchi, n = 10), middle- (Sandanme, n = 8) and higher-division (Makuuchi, n = 5), 22 weight-classified athletes [5 judo athletes, 5 wrestlers, and 12 weight lifters, mean age 20.7 (SEM 0.7) years], and 21 untrained men [mean age 20.1 (SEM 0.2) years]. In the Sumo wrestlers, body mass ranged between 77.0 and 150.0 kg, body mass index between 25.9 and 44.5 kg · m−2, relative fat mass (%FM) between 11.9 and 37.0%, and fat-free mass (FFM) between 59.1 and 107.6 kg. The Sumo wrestlers showed significantly higher %FM and smaller elbow and knee extensor cross-sectional areas (CSA) than the weight-classified athletes who weighed from 90.4 kg to 133.2 kg. Moreover, isokinetic forces in the flexion and extension of elbow and knee joints, respectively, at three constant velocities of 1.05, 3.14 and 5.24 rad · s−1 were significantly lower in the Sumo wrestlers than in the weight-classified athletes and untrained subjects when expressed per unit of body mass. However, the median value of FFM relative to body height in the higher-division Sumo wrestlers was ranked high in the range of magnitude among those reported previously in the literature for heavyweight athletes. Moreover, the results on the comparisons within the Sumo wrestlers showed that not only FFM but also force generation capability, expressed both as an absolute term and as a value relative to both body mass and muscle CSA, might be factors contributing to the performance of Sumo wrestlers.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050344

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Force generation capacity of knee extensor muscles in speed skaters (1996)

Kanehisa, H. ; Nemoto, I. ; Okuyama, H. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 73 (1996), S. 544-551

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Isokinetic contraction ; Fatigability ; Cross-sectional area ; Sex difference ; B-mode ultrasound

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract The force generation capacities during a single as well as repetitive maximal knee extensions were investigated in speed skaters in relation to the cross-sectional area (CSA) of quadriceps femoris muscles. The subjects were 15 male and 12 female speed skaters, and an age-matched untrained group (20 men and 21 women). An isokinetic dynamometer was used to determine force output at three constant velocities of 1.05, 3.14 and 5.24 rad · s−1 and to perform 50 repetitive maximal contractions at 3.14 rad · s−1. The CSA was measured by using a B-mode ultrasound technique at the midpoint of the thigh length. The isokinetic force produced at each test velocity was significantly correlated to CSA in all the subjects (r = 0.867–0.920, P 〈 0.05). There was no significant difference in force (F) per unit CSA (F · CSA−1) at the three test velocities between the speed skaters and untrained subjects within the same sex. In both the speed skaters and untrained subjects, the women showed significantly lower F · CSA−1 at 3.14 and 5.24 rad · s−1 than the men. The means of force output ( $$\bar F$$ ) of every five consecutive and all trials during the repetitive maximal bout were significantly correlated to CSA in all the subjects (r = 0.889–0.934, P 〈 0.05). Compared to the untrained subjects, the speed skaters showed significantly higher ( $$\bar F$$ ) for every five consecutive contractions even when calculated per unit of CSA ( $$\bar F$$ · CSA−1), and had lower percentage of decline of F during a trial span between the 6th–10th and 41th–45th trials. For the untrained subjects, $$\bar F$$ · CSA−1 for every five consecutive contractions was significantly lower in the women than in the men. For the speed skaters, the men showed significantly higher $$\bar F$$ · CSA−1 than the women during a trial span from the 1st–5th trial to the 31th–35th trial, although there was no significant sex difference in the ratio on and after the 36th–40th trial. From these results, it is concluded that the speed skaters show a higher muscle performance in a repetitive maximal contraction task rather than in a single contraction compared to the untrained subjects. In addition, judging from the results for the speed skaters, the women might be less trainable than the men in the $$\bar F$$ · CSA−1 during a single contraction at a fast velocity as well as repetitive maximal contractions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00357677

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Fatigability during repetitive maximal knee extensions in 14-year-old boys (1995)

Kanehisa, H. ; Okuyama, H. ; Ikegawa, S. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 72 (1995), S. 170-174

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Isokinetic contraction ; Age differences ; Muscle CSA ; B-mode ultrasound technique

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract The isokinetic forces, during 50 repeated maximal knee extensions with a constant velocity of 3.14 rad · s−1, and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris muscles were measured for boys aged 14 years (n = 26) and young adult men (n = 26). As representative scores in the maximal session, the mean values of force ( $$\bar F$$ ) of every five consecutive and all trials were calculated. The CSA was measured by using a B-mode ultrasound technique at the midpoint of the thigh length (l t). The average values of $$\bar F$$ at the 1st–5th contractions were 193 (SEM 12) N for the boys and 303 (SEM 13) N for the young adults. The average decline of $$\bar F$$ with 50 contractions, expressed as a percentage of the value in the 1st–5th trial, was higher in the young adults than in the boys: $$\bar F$$ for the young adults was reduced by 48 (SEM 2.9)%, for the boys by 36 (SEM 3.1)%. The $$\bar F$$ of every five consecutive and all trials were significantly correlated to the product of CSA andl t (CSA ·l t) in separate groups: for the boysr = 0.762–0.894 (P 〈 0.01), for the young adultsr = 0.598–0.837 (P 〈 0.01). In a trial range between the 1st–5th and 11th–15th contractions, the young adults showed significantly higher values in the ratio of $$\bar F$$ to CSA ·l t ( $$\bar F$$ · CSA−1 ·l t) than the boys. However, the difference between groups of the ratio on and after the 16th–20th trial and for all trials became insignificant. Thus, at least for 50 maximal repeated knee extensions, the 14-year-old boys were inferior to the young adults in their ability to produce force during the earlier sessions even when the difference in muscle size was allowed for. The inferiority in the boys might be attributed to a lower reliance on glycolysis as pointed out in previous biochemical studies.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00964133

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Profiles of musculoskeletal development in limbs of college Olympic weightlifters and wrestlers (1999)

Kanehisa, H. ; Fukunaga, T.

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 79 (1999), S. 414-420

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Key words Weight-categorized athletes ; B-mode ultrasound ; Bone and muscle cross-sectional areas ; Fat-free mass

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract To investigate the event-related profiles of musculoskeletal development in weight-categorized athletes, we measured the cross-sectional areas (CSA) of bone and muscle in the forearm, upper arm, lower leg and thigh, using a B-mode ultrasound apparatus, in college Olympic weightlifters (OWL, n = 19) and wrestlers (WR, n = 17) and untrained men (UM, n = 24), whose body masses were within the range from 55 kg to 78 kg. Both bone and muscle CSA at all sites were significantly correlated to the two-thirds power of fat-free mass (FFM2/3) with correlation coefficients of 0.430–0.741 (P 〈 0.05) and 0.608–0.718 (P 〈 0.05), respectively. Moreover, there were significant correlations between bone and muscle CSA at all sites (r = 0.664–0.829, P 〈 0.05). Even when bone and muscle CSA were expressed relative value to FFM2/3, both OWL and WR showed significantly greater values than UM at all sites except for the lower leg. Furthermore, the comparison of the lean (bone + muscle) CSA ratio from site to site indicated a higher distribution of lean tissues in the upper extremities in OWL and WR compared to UM. While there was no significant difference between the two athlete groups in FFM2/3, OWL showed significantly larger values than WR in the bone CSA of the upper arm and thigh and in the muscle CSA of the lower leg and thigh. However, lean CSA ratios of the upper extremities to the lower ones were significantly higher in WR than in OWL. Thus, the present results indicated that, compared to UM, OWL and WR had a greater lean tissue CSA in limbs, especially in the upper extremities, even when the difference in FFM was normalized. Moreover, the relative distribution of lean tissues in limbs differed between the two weight-categorized athletes in spite of there being no difference in FFM, which may be attributable to their own training regimens and/or competition style.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050531

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Sex difference in force generation capacity during repeated maximal knee extensions (1996)

Kanehisa, H. ; Okuyama, H. ; Ikegawa, S. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 73 (1996), S. 557-562

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Isokinetic contraction ; Muscle endurance ; Muscle cross-sectional area ; B-mode ultrasound

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract The force generation capacity, during 50 repeated maximal knee extensions with a constant velocity of 3.14 rad · s−1, and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris muscles were determined for untrained women (n = 36) and men (n = 27) aged from 18 to 25 years. As force scores in the maximal repetitions, the mean values of force ( $$\bar F$$ ) of every 5 consecutive and all trials and the percentage of decline of $$\bar F$$ (%D) with 50 contractions were calculated. The CSA was measured by using a B-mode ultrasound technique at the midpoint of the thigh length. The $$\bar F$$ decreased from 303 (SEM 13) N at the 1st–5th trial to 155 (SEM 9) N at the 46th–50th trial for the men, and from 202 (SEM 9) N to 94 (SEM 4) N for the women. The $$\bar F$$ of every 5 consecutive and all trials were significantly correlated to muscle CSA: for the men r = 0.552–0.872 (P 〈 0.01) and for the women r = 0.609–0.857 (P 〈 0.01). The men showed significantly higher $$\bar F$$ at every 5 consecutive trials than the women even when calculated per unit muscle CSA ( $$\bar F$$ ·CSA−1). There were significant correlations between %D and $$\bar F$$ ·CSA−1 at the 1st–5th trial: r = 0.538 (P 〈 0.01) for the men and r = 0.631 (P 〈 0.01) for the women, respectively. The average values of %D were almost the same in both sexes: for the men 48 (SEM 3) % and for the women 52 (SEM 2) %, respectively. However, an ANCOVA calculation on %D, using $$\bar F$$ ·CSA−1 the 1st–5th trial as the covariate, indicated that the women had significantly higher %D than the men. Thus, the force output during the maximal repetitions was significantly correlated to the CSA of quadriceps femoris in both sexes. The force output was lower in the women than in the men even when the difference in the muscle CSA was allowed for. The women had higher %D than the men when force output per unit muscle CSA during the initial 5 repetitions was compared.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00357679

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