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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of “diabetogenic” hormones on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism following oral glucose loading in insulin dependent diabetics: Effects of acute hormone administration (1981)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 21 (1981), S. 387-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; counter-regulatory hormones ; glucagon ; cortisol ; growth hormone ; adrenaline ; insulin ; non-esterified fatty acids ; ketone bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the relative role of “diabetogenic” hormones as insulin antagonists in severe derangements of diabetic control, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone and adrenaline were administered by continuous intravenous infusion, separately and in combination, to ketosis-prone insulin-dependent diabetics (n=11). The amount of insulin required for the assimilation of a 50 g glucose load during the various hormone infusions was determined by means of an automated glucose-controlled insulin infusion system and used as an index of insulin effectiveness. Raising plasma hormone concentrations acutely into the range seen in severe diabetic states (glucagon 517±70 pg/ml; cortisol 32±3 μg/dl; growth hormone 14±3 ng/ml) did not alter significantly blood glucose profile and insulin requirement (control 11.3±1.1 U; glucagon 11.6±2.0 U; cortisol 11.1±0.4 U; growth hormone 12.9±1.4U), except for adrenaline (plasma level 550±192 pg/ml), which caused a marked rise in blood glucose levels and a threefold increase in insulin demand (31.1±3.7 U). Combined infusion of all hormones did not potentiate significantly the latter effect (38.3±4.7 U). The effectiveness of metabolic control by insulin was assessed by a marked decrease in plasma non-esterified free fatty acids and ketone bodies upon its administration after glucose ingestion in all groups studied. It is concluded that from the hormones investigated within this study adrenaline exerts the strongest diabetogenic action during its short term administration followed by that of growth hormone. Whereas it may well be that over-insulinization of the patients by the glucose controlled insulin infusion system has overcome and disguised the smaller diabetogenic effects of cortisol and glucagon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252687
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Verhalten des Körpergewichtes und dem immunologisch reagierenden Insulin im Serum alloxandiabetischer Ratten (1969)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Alloxan-diabetes in rat ; weight gain ; weight loss ; blood sugar ; immunoreactive insulin in serum ; weight of the adrenals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 7–9 semaines après l'administration d'alloxane il y avait deux groupes de rats diabétiques; un qui avait gagné en moyenne 60 g et l'autre qui avait perdu en moyenne 28 g. — Malgré cette différence de poids corporel, le taux d'insuline immunoréactive dans le sérum (IRI) et le taux du sucre dans le sang ne différaient pas significativement dans les deux groupes. — Ces résultats montrent, qu'une augmentation de poids corporel est possible chez les rats rendus chroniquement diabétiques par l'alloxane malgré une forte hyperglycémie et une diminution marquée d'IRI. — Chez les rats chroniquement diabétiques qui avaient perdu du poids corporel, le poids relatif des surrénales était plus élevé que chez les autres diabétiques ou chez les rats normaux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Alloxandiabetische Ratten wurden 7–10 Wochen nach der Alloxangabe in eine Gruppe mit einer mittleren Gewichtszunahme von 60 g und in eine zweite mit einer Gewichtsabnahme von durchschnittlich 28 g geteilt. — Trotz der stark unterschiedlichen Gewichtsver änderung war kein statistisch erfaßbarer Unterschied bezüglich der Konzentration des IRI und des Blutzuckers zwischen den beiden Gruppen festzustellen. — Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß auch bei chronisch alloxandiabetischen Ratten mit ausgeprägter Hyperglykämie und stark erniedrigten Serum-IRI eine Gewichtszunahme möglich ist. — Bei den abgemagerten diabetischen Ratten war das relative Gewicht der Nebennieren höher als bei den diabetischen Ratten mit Gewichtszunahme bzw. bei den Kontrollen.
    Notes: Summary 7–9 weeks after alloxan administration it was possible to divide the diabetic rats into two groups : one with a gain in body weight (mean gain 60 g) and the other with a loss of body weight (mean loss 28 g). — In spite of this striking difference in body weight, there was no significant difference in the concentration of immunoreactive insulin of the serum (IRI) nor in the blood sugar levels between the two groups. — The results show that gain in body weight is possible even in chronically alloxandiabetic rats with marked hyperglycaemia and with a distinct diminution of IRI. — In the chronically diabetic rats with weight loss the relative weight of the adrenals was increased in comparison with the values found in normal rats or in the other group of alloxan-diabetic rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01213674
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insulin production rate, hepatic insulin retention and splanchnic carbohydrate metabolism after oral glucose ingestion in hyperinsulinaemic Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1982)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 23 (1982), S. 6-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Obesity ; Type 2 diabetes ; hyperinsulinaemia ; insulin production rate ; splanchnic insulin retention ; splanchnic glucose output ; insulin resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To differentiate peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance in hyperinsulinaemic overweight Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients (n = 17; 143±4% ideal body weight; mean±SEM) arterial concentrations and splanchnic exchange of glucose, pyruvate, lactate, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, as well as the insulin production rate, were determined before and during oral glucose loads of 25 g or 100 g. Insulin production rate, hepatic insulin retention and splanchnic exchange of glucose and metabolites were estimated by means of the hepatic venous catheter technique. In the basal state insulin production rate was greater in overweight Type 2 diabetic patients (2.57±0.28 pmol.kg-1. min-1) than in healthy control subjects (1.68±0.17 pmol.kg-1. min-1; p〈0.01). After ingestion of 25 g glucose, the cumulative insulin production rate exceeded normal values (p 〈 0.05), but was below normal with 100 g glucose (p 〈 0.01). Relative insulin trapping by the splanchnic bed in the diabetic patients was 54±3%, not different from normal. Following a 100 g glucose load, splanchnic insulin retention fell by 20% in the patients, and less consistently so in healthy controls. Splanchnic glucose output was normal in the diabetic patients both in the basal state and after glucose ingestion although the induced arterial blood glucose levels were greater in the diabetic patients than in control subjects (p 〈 0.005). Splanchnic output of pyruvate (p 〈 0.025), lactate (p 〈 0.01), and β-hydroxybutyrate (p 〈 0.005) were greater in the basal state in the diabetic patients than in healthy subjects. However, no difference in splanchnic exchange was seen between the two groups in their metabolites' respective response to glucose ingestion. These data suggest that obese hyperinsulinaemic Type 2 diabetic patients may represent a subgroup of diabetic patients with predominantly peripheral, but compensated hepatic, insulin resistance being associated with an increased basal insulin production rate which only exhausts after ingestion of a large glucose load.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257722
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure of leptin to affect basal and insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism of rat skeletal muscle in vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 41 (1998), S. 524-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Leptin ; insulin ; muscle ; glucose metabolism ; glucose transport ; glycogen synthesis ; glycolysis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Studies on different isolated tissues have provided evidence that leptin may directly modulate cellular glucose handling. The present study was performed to elucidate leptin's action on basal and insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in native muscle tissue, which under physiological circumstances is the quantitatively most important target tissue of insulin. Isolated rat soleus muscle strips were incubated for 1 h in the absence or presence of leptin (0, 1, 10, or 100 nmol/l) under basal or insulin-stimulated conditions (10 nmol/l). No effects of leptin were found on the rates of 3H-2-deoxy-glucose transport (basal: control, 314 ± 14; 1 nmol/l leptin, 320 ± 17; 10 nmol/l leptin, 314 ± 13; 100 nmol/l leptin, 322 ± 16; insulin-stimulated: control, 690 ± 33; 1 nmol/l leptin, 691 ± 29; 10 nmol/l leptin, 665 ± 26; 100 nmol/l leptin, 664 ± 27; cpm · mg–1· h–1; NS vs respective control) and on net glucose incorporation into glycogen (basal: control, 1.75 ± 0.18; 1 nmol/l leptin, 2.01 ± 0.13; 10 nmol/l leptin, 1.92 ± 0.11; 100 nmol/l leptin, 1.81 ± 0.13; insulin-stimulated: control, 5.98 ± 0.40; 1 nmol/l leptin, 5.93 ± 0.30; 10 nmol/l leptin, 5.46 ± 0.25; 100 nmol/l leptin, 5.85 ± 0.30; μmol · g–1· h–1; NS vs respective control). In parallel, leptin failed to affect rates of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis as well as muscle glycogen content. Further experiments revealed that the inability of leptin to directly affect muscle glucose handling prevailed independently of muscle fiber type (soleus and epitrochlearis muscle), of ambient insulin concentrations (0–30 nmol/l), and of leptin exposure time (1 h or 6 h). Thus, our findings fail to support speculations about a physiological role of direct insulin-mimetic or insulin-desensitizing effects of leptin on skeletal muscle tissue. [Diabetologia (1998) 41: 524–529]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050941
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acetyl-salicylic acid impairs insulin-mediated glucose utilization and reduces insulin clearance in healthy and non-insulin-dependent diabetic man (1985)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 28 (1985), S. 671-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Acetyl-salicylic acid ; indomethacin ; glucose utilization ; insulin sensitivity ; insulin secretion ; insulin clearance ; hepatic glucose production ; Type 2 diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of acetyl-salicylic acid (ASA, 3 g per day for 3 days) on glucose utilization and insulin secretion was studied in healthy volunteers and Type 2 diabetic patients using the hyperglycaemic and euglycaemic insulin clamp technique. When in healthy subjects arterial plasma glucose was acutely raised and maintained at +7 mmol/l above fasting level, the plasma insulin response was enhanced by ASA (70±7 vs. 52±7mU/l), whereas the plasma C-peptide response was identical. Despite higher insulin concentrations, glucose utilization was not significantly altered (control, 61±7; ASA, 65±6μmol·kg−1·min−1) indicating impairment of tissue sensitivity to insulin by ASA. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis was not likely to be involved in the effect of ASA, since insulin response and glucose utilization were unchanged following treatment with indomethacin. In the euglycaemic insulin (1 mU·kg−1·min−1) clamp studies, glucose utilization was unaltered by ASA despite higher insulin concentrations achieved during constant insulin infusion (103±4vs. 89±4mU/l). In Type 2 diabetic patients, fasting hyperglycaemia (10.6 ±1.1 mmol/l) and hepatic glucose production (15±2 μmol·kg−1·min−1) fell upon ASA treatment (8.6±0.7 mmol/l; 13±1 μmol·kg−1· min−1). During the hyperglycaemic clamp study, the plasma response of insulin, but not of C-peptide, was enhanced by ASA, whereas tissue sensitivity to insulin was reduced by 30 percent. It is concluded that in healthy and Type 2 diabetic man, ASA impairs tissue sensitivity to the action of insulin. This effect is counterbalanced by an augmented plasma insulin response to glucose, which results from a reduced insulin clearance rate. In Type 2 diabetic patients, the reduction in hepatic glucose production may be responsible for the amelioration of hyperglycaemia following ASA treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00291974
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