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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acetyl-salicylic acid impairs insulin-mediated glucose utilization and reduces insulin clearance in healthy and non-insulin-dependent diabetic man (1985)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 28 (1985), S. 671-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Acetyl-salicylic acid ; indomethacin ; glucose utilization ; insulin sensitivity ; insulin secretion ; insulin clearance ; hepatic glucose production ; Type 2 diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of acetyl-salicylic acid (ASA, 3 g per day for 3 days) on glucose utilization and insulin secretion was studied in healthy volunteers and Type 2 diabetic patients using the hyperglycaemic and euglycaemic insulin clamp technique. When in healthy subjects arterial plasma glucose was acutely raised and maintained at +7 mmol/l above fasting level, the plasma insulin response was enhanced by ASA (70±7 vs. 52±7mU/l), whereas the plasma C-peptide response was identical. Despite higher insulin concentrations, glucose utilization was not significantly altered (control, 61±7; ASA, 65±6μmol·kg−1·min−1) indicating impairment of tissue sensitivity to insulin by ASA. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis was not likely to be involved in the effect of ASA, since insulin response and glucose utilization were unchanged following treatment with indomethacin. In the euglycaemic insulin (1 mU·kg−1·min−1) clamp studies, glucose utilization was unaltered by ASA despite higher insulin concentrations achieved during constant insulin infusion (103±4vs. 89±4mU/l). In Type 2 diabetic patients, fasting hyperglycaemia (10.6 ±1.1 mmol/l) and hepatic glucose production (15±2 μmol·kg−1·min−1) fell upon ASA treatment (8.6±0.7 mmol/l; 13±1 μmol·kg−1· min−1). During the hyperglycaemic clamp study, the plasma response of insulin, but not of C-peptide, was enhanced by ASA, whereas tissue sensitivity to insulin was reduced by 30 percent. It is concluded that in healthy and Type 2 diabetic man, ASA impairs tissue sensitivity to the action of insulin. This effect is counterbalanced by an augmented plasma insulin response to glucose, which results from a reduced insulin clearance rate. In Type 2 diabetic patients, the reduction in hepatic glucose production may be responsible for the amelioration of hyperglycaemia following ASA treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00291974
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of “diabetogenic” hormones on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism following oral glucose loading in insulin dependent diabetics: Effects of acute hormone administration (1981)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 21 (1981), S. 387-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; counter-regulatory hormones ; glucagon ; cortisol ; growth hormone ; adrenaline ; insulin ; non-esterified fatty acids ; ketone bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the relative role of “diabetogenic” hormones as insulin antagonists in severe derangements of diabetic control, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone and adrenaline were administered by continuous intravenous infusion, separately and in combination, to ketosis-prone insulin-dependent diabetics (n=11). The amount of insulin required for the assimilation of a 50 g glucose load during the various hormone infusions was determined by means of an automated glucose-controlled insulin infusion system and used as an index of insulin effectiveness. Raising plasma hormone concentrations acutely into the range seen in severe diabetic states (glucagon 517±70 pg/ml; cortisol 32±3 μg/dl; growth hormone 14±3 ng/ml) did not alter significantly blood glucose profile and insulin requirement (control 11.3±1.1 U; glucagon 11.6±2.0 U; cortisol 11.1±0.4 U; growth hormone 12.9±1.4U), except for adrenaline (plasma level 550±192 pg/ml), which caused a marked rise in blood glucose levels and a threefold increase in insulin demand (31.1±3.7 U). Combined infusion of all hormones did not potentiate significantly the latter effect (38.3±4.7 U). The effectiveness of metabolic control by insulin was assessed by a marked decrease in plasma non-esterified free fatty acids and ketone bodies upon its administration after glucose ingestion in all groups studied. It is concluded that from the hormones investigated within this study adrenaline exerts the strongest diabetogenic action during its short term administration followed by that of growth hormone. Whereas it may well be that over-insulinization of the patients by the glucose controlled insulin infusion system has overcome and disguised the smaller diabetogenic effects of cortisol and glucagon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252687
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insulin production rate, hepatic insulin retention and splanchnic carbohydrate metabolism after oral glucose ingestion in hyperinsulinaemic Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1982)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 23 (1982), S. 6-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Obesity ; Type 2 diabetes ; hyperinsulinaemia ; insulin production rate ; splanchnic insulin retention ; splanchnic glucose output ; insulin resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To differentiate peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance in hyperinsulinaemic overweight Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients (n = 17; 143±4% ideal body weight; mean±SEM) arterial concentrations and splanchnic exchange of glucose, pyruvate, lactate, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, as well as the insulin production rate, were determined before and during oral glucose loads of 25 g or 100 g. Insulin production rate, hepatic insulin retention and splanchnic exchange of glucose and metabolites were estimated by means of the hepatic venous catheter technique. In the basal state insulin production rate was greater in overweight Type 2 diabetic patients (2.57±0.28 pmol.kg-1. min-1) than in healthy control subjects (1.68±0.17 pmol.kg-1. min-1; p〈0.01). After ingestion of 25 g glucose, the cumulative insulin production rate exceeded normal values (p 〈 0.05), but was below normal with 100 g glucose (p 〈 0.01). Relative insulin trapping by the splanchnic bed in the diabetic patients was 54±3%, not different from normal. Following a 100 g glucose load, splanchnic insulin retention fell by 20% in the patients, and less consistently so in healthy controls. Splanchnic glucose output was normal in the diabetic patients both in the basal state and after glucose ingestion although the induced arterial blood glucose levels were greater in the diabetic patients than in control subjects (p 〈 0.005). Splanchnic output of pyruvate (p 〈 0.025), lactate (p 〈 0.01), and β-hydroxybutyrate (p 〈 0.005) were greater in the basal state in the diabetic patients than in healthy subjects. However, no difference in splanchnic exchange was seen between the two groups in their metabolites' respective response to glucose ingestion. These data suggest that obese hyperinsulinaemic Type 2 diabetic patients may represent a subgroup of diabetic patients with predominantly peripheral, but compensated hepatic, insulin resistance being associated with an increased basal insulin production rate which only exhausts after ingestion of a large glucose load.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257722
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of islet amyloid polypeptide on hepatic insulin resistance and glucose production in the isolated perfused rat liver (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 116-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Isolated liver perfusion ; insulin resistance ; islet amyloid polypeptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The impact of (pancreatic) islet amyloid polypeptide on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity was examined in isolated rat livers perfused in a non-recirculating system. Continuous infusion of 10−7mol/l islet amyloid polypeptide affected neither basal nor glucagon (10−9 mol/l)-stimulated glucose output by livers from fed rats, but it did increase the hepatic cyclic AMP release within 44 min (7.91±12.07 vs control: 0.07±0.03 pmol·100 g body weight−1). The effect of the peptide on the ability of insulin to inhibit glucagon-induced hepatic glycogenolysis was measured in three experimental groups (n = 6). As expected glucagon (7×10−11 mol/l) increased integral hepatic glucose release within 84 min (763.4±161.7 vs −25.7±73.2 μmol · 100 g body weight−1 in the control group, p〈0.001), while insulin (100 mU/l) decreased the glucagon-stimulated glucose production (395.2±180.0 μmol·100 g body weight−1, p〈0.01). Simultaneous infusion of 10−7 mol/l islet amyloid polypeptide however, was not able to reverse insulin-dependent inhibition of glucagon-stimulated hepatic glucose output (370.0±102.5 μmol·100 g body weight−1, NS) or to enhance lactate-induced gluconeogenesis of livers from 24 h fasted rats (n = 8). The glucose production stimulated by 10−9 mol/l glucagon was slightly greater in islet amyloid polypeptide-pre-treated livers than in a control group without addition of islet amyloid polypeptide (5 min: 3.60±3.36 vs 1.67±1.28 μmol·min−1·100 g body weight−1). These results suggest that islet amyloid polypeptide neither directly affects hepatic glycogenolysis nor causes insulin resistance to hormone-sensitive glucose production, but may increase the size of the hepatic glycogen pool by enhancing gluconeogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402542
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EASD news section (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 47-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401073
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure of GLP-1(7–36)amide to affect glycogenesis in rat skeletal muscle (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 864-867 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Glucagon-like peptide-1(7 ; 36)amide ; skeletal muscle ; glycogen synthesis ; glycolysis ; glucose transport.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36)amide has been described as exerting potent glycogenic action and as stimulating glycolysis in skeletal muscle. We exposed isolated rat soleus muscle strips to various concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36) amide (10−11–10−6 mol/l) or insulin (10−10–10−7 mol/l) and determined the respective effects on glucose metabolism. Insulin markedly increased the rate of glucose incorporation into glycogen with a maximal effect at 10−8 mol/l insulin (348 ± 46 % of intraindividual control experiment, p 〈 0.005), while glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36)amide was without an effect (e. g. 10−11 mol/l, 96 ± 10 %; 10−9 mol/l, 104 ± 9 %; 10−7 mol/l, 121 ± 13 %; not significant). Likewise, glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36)amide did not affect the rate of 3H-2-deoxy-glucose transport or glycogen content of soleus muscle strips. The rates of aerobic or anaerobic glycolysis were also not increased. The findings were independent of peptide source and of employed muscle size. Our results do not suggest any effect of glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36)amide on skeletal muscle glucose metabolism and, hence, are in contrast to data derived from similar experiments by others. [Diabetologia (1995) 38: 864–867]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050365
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary excretion of apo(a) fragments in NIDDM patients (1997)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 40 (1997), S. 1455-1460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords NIDDM ; Lp(a) ; urinary apo(a) excretion ; microalbuminuria ; macroalbuminuria.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lp(a), one of the most atherogenic lipoproteins, is believed to contribute significantly to vascular diseases in non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients. Contradictive data have been published on these patients concerning plasma concentrations of Lp(a) and their relation to renal function. Since apo(a) fragments appear in urine, we measured urinary apo(a) in 134 NIDDM patients and 100 matched controls and related urinary apo(a) concentrations to plasma Lp(a) levels and kidney function. Plasma Lp(a) values were found to be significantly higher in NIDDM patients. NIDDM patients also secreted significantly more apo(a) into their urine as compared to control subjects. There was no correlation between creatinine clearance or albumin excretion and urinary apo(a) concentrations. Patients with macroalbuminuria exhibited a twofold higher apparent fractional excretion of apo(a) in comparison to patients with normal renal function. Urinary apo(a) values in both patients and control subjects were highly correlated to plasma Lp(a), yet no correlation was found with HbA1 c or serum lipoproteins. It is concluded that urinary apo(a) excretion is correlated to plasma Lp(a) levels but not to creatinine clearance in patients suffering from NIDDM. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 1455–1460]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050849
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Both acute and chronic near-normoglycaemia are required to improve insulin resistance in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 346-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; insulin resistance ; euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp ; intensified insulin therapy ; HbA1c ; near-normoglycaemia ; continuous insulin infusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To determine the impact of both short- and longterm “near-normoglycaemia” on insulin resistance in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes hepatic glucose production (mg · kg−1 · min−1) and peripheral glucose utilisation (“M-value”, mg · kg−1 · min−1) were estimated during an euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp (10 mU · kg · min) in patients with either good (HbA1c〈5.8%, groups A and B) or poor (HbA1c〉7.5%, groups C and D) long-term metabolic control (time 〉 12 months) and in healthy subjects (HbA1c: 5.08±0.20%; n=8). To this end blood glucose was stabilized at 6.7 mmol/l by overnight (t=12 h) i.v. regular insulin in groups (n=8 each) A (HbA1c: 5.49±0.46%) and C (HbA1c: 8.83±1.20%),while groups B (HbA1c:5.55±0.19%) andD (HbA1c: 8.51±1.09%) were kept overnight on long-acting insulin without feed-back control of blood glucose before euglycaemic clamping. Thereby, pre-equilibration of blood glucose at 6.7 mmol/l was shown to normalize basal hepatic glucose production (A: 2.27±0.48; C 2.50±0.57 mg · kg−1 · min−1) despite different HbA1c values, whereas basal hepatic glucose production stayed elevated in groups B (3.09±0.38 mg · kg−1 · min−1) and D (3.21±0.58 mg · kg−1 · min−1) with poor actual glycaemia (B: 10.9±4.6; D: 12.1±4.6 mmol/l). To restitute peripheral glucose utilisation close to normal (healthy subjects: 13.99±2.13; A: 12.12±2.67; B: 8.72±3.0; C: 10.27±1.69; D: 7.10±2.31 mg · kg−1 · min−1; healthy subjects vs A: NS; healthy subjects vs B, C, D: p〈0.05) both long-term (HbA1c〈5.8%) and acute nearnormoglycaemia by 12-h i. v. insulin pre-treatment were required (group A). We conclude that good long-term glucose control per se is unable to normalize hepatic and peripheral glucose metabolism in Type 1 diabetic patients unless actual near-normoglycaemia is provided consistently, e.g. by i.v. overnight infusion of regular insulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400239
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    3. Kongreß der Deutschen Diabetes-Gesellschaft (1969)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 124-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01212008
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Verhalten des Körpergewichtes und dem immunologisch reagierenden Insulin im Serum alloxandiabetischer Ratten (1969)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Alloxan-diabetes in rat ; weight gain ; weight loss ; blood sugar ; immunoreactive insulin in serum ; weight of the adrenals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 7–9 semaines après l'administration d'alloxane il y avait deux groupes de rats diabétiques; un qui avait gagné en moyenne 60 g et l'autre qui avait perdu en moyenne 28 g. — Malgré cette différence de poids corporel, le taux d'insuline immunoréactive dans le sérum (IRI) et le taux du sucre dans le sang ne différaient pas significativement dans les deux groupes. — Ces résultats montrent, qu'une augmentation de poids corporel est possible chez les rats rendus chroniquement diabétiques par l'alloxane malgré une forte hyperglycémie et une diminution marquée d'IRI. — Chez les rats chroniquement diabétiques qui avaient perdu du poids corporel, le poids relatif des surrénales était plus élevé que chez les autres diabétiques ou chez les rats normaux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Alloxandiabetische Ratten wurden 7–10 Wochen nach der Alloxangabe in eine Gruppe mit einer mittleren Gewichtszunahme von 60 g und in eine zweite mit einer Gewichtsabnahme von durchschnittlich 28 g geteilt. — Trotz der stark unterschiedlichen Gewichtsver änderung war kein statistisch erfaßbarer Unterschied bezüglich der Konzentration des IRI und des Blutzuckers zwischen den beiden Gruppen festzustellen. — Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß auch bei chronisch alloxandiabetischen Ratten mit ausgeprägter Hyperglykämie und stark erniedrigten Serum-IRI eine Gewichtszunahme möglich ist. — Bei den abgemagerten diabetischen Ratten war das relative Gewicht der Nebennieren höher als bei den diabetischen Ratten mit Gewichtszunahme bzw. bei den Kontrollen.
    Notes: Summary 7–9 weeks after alloxan administration it was possible to divide the diabetic rats into two groups : one with a gain in body weight (mean gain 60 g) and the other with a loss of body weight (mean loss 28 g). — In spite of this striking difference in body weight, there was no significant difference in the concentration of immunoreactive insulin of the serum (IRI) nor in the blood sugar levels between the two groups. — The results show that gain in body weight is possible even in chronically alloxandiabetic rats with marked hyperglycaemia and with a distinct diminution of IRI. — In the chronically diabetic rats with weight loss the relative weight of the adrenals was increased in comparison with the values found in normal rats or in the other group of alloxan-diabetic rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01213674
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