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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In order to define whether CD4+ T cells from autoimmune and non-autoimmune thyroid tissue could be classified according to their mediator production, lymphokine production was studied in 63 thyroid-derived CD4+ T-cell clones from four patients with Graves’disease, one with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and one with non-toxic goitre (9-12 clones per patient). The production of interleukin 2 (IL-2). gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α). lymphotoxin(LT), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and transforming growth Factor β (TGF-β) was assessed at the mRNA level by slot-blot analysis in unstimulated clones as well as after activation with monoclonal anti-CD3 (OKT3) and IL-2 No lymphokine production was found in unstimulated clones, whereas 56% of the clones produced all six lymphokines simultaneously after stimuilation. In the remaining 44% usually not more than one lymphokine was missing from the complete panel Lymphokine mRNA concentrations varied between different clones and different patients, but. in this small sample, not between the diseases from which the clones were originated. There-was a significant correlation between IL-6.LT, and IL-2 mRNA levels and T-cell helper function. which was estimated by the stimulation of thyroid microsomal autoantibody production using autologous peripheral B cells. TGF-β(and IFN-γ mRNA expression was unrelated to T-cell help. The results demonstrate that intrathyroid T cells from autoimmune and non-autoimmune thyroid disorders cannot be classified according to their lymphokine production, unlike some results with in vitro-induced mouse T-cell clones, where two populations. Th1 and Th2, have been described. SingleT cells are capable of producing a whole panel of lymphokines and thus are capable of triggering a multitude of different processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 70 (1992), S. 917-921 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Renal transplantation ; Diabetes mellitus ; Cumulative survival ; Severe vascular complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study evaluated the long-term outcome of renal transplantation in type 1 (n=25) and type 2 (n=18) diabetic patients. Overall postoperative survival at 1 year was 69% in type 1 diabetes and 75% in type 2; at 5 years it was 62% in type 1 diabetes and 58% in type 2. Death was due mainly to cardiovascular disease (60%) and septic gangrene (20%). Outcome was examined in terms of graft function, which was poor in the majority (86%) of patients who died. Patients with fatal outcome suffered major vascular complications prior to renal transplantation and frequently had impaired graft function. Metabolic control was better in patients with good graft function (HbA1c 〈 6.2%) than in those with poor or no function of kidney transplant (HbA1c 〉 9.8 %). In the absence of severe vascular complications renal transplantation may be the treatment of choice for both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease. Otherwise, renal transplantation is not able to improve the prognosis of patients with a history of severe vascular complications prior to renal replacement therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 823-828 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; Plasma norepinephrine ; Blood pressure regulation ; Diabetes mellitus ; Plasmanoradrenalin ; Blutdruckregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Verhalten von Blutdruck, Plus und Plasmanoradrenalin während verschiedener Stimulationsmanöver sympathisch nervöser Aktivität sowie das vaskuläre Reaktionsvermögen auf infundiertes Noradrenalin (50, 100 und 200 ng/kg−1/min−1,t=15 min) wurde bei 17 Diabetikern und 6 gesunden Probanden untersucht. Unterschieden wurden Diabetiker 1) ohne Zeichen autonomer Dysfunktion und ohne periphere Neuropathie (n=6), 2) ohne Zeichen autonomer Dysfunktion jedoch mit schwerer peripherer Neuropathie (n=6) und 3) mit autonomer Dysfunktion, mit (n=3) und ohne (n=2) peripherer Neuropathie. Während eines „Cold pressor tests“ (2 min), mechanischer Hautirritation (10 min) und Orthostase (10 min) zeigten Diabetiker ohne klinische Zeichen autonomer Dysfunktion ein den gesunden Kontrollpersonen vergleichbares Verhalten von Blutdruck, Plus und Plasmanoradrenalin, während Diabetiker mit autonomer Dysfunktion unabhängig vom Bestehen einer peripheren Neuropathie während der Orthostase, nicht jedoch während des „Cold pressor tests“ und mechanischer Hautirritation eine deutlich herabgesetzte Noradrenalinfreisetzung (P〈0.05) aufwiesen. Normalpersonen und Diabetiker ohne autonome Dysfunktion unterschieden sich bezüglich ihres Blutdruckverhaltens während Noradrenalininfusion nicht, während Diabetiker mit autonomer Dysfunktion auf die Verabreichung von exogenem Noradrenalin (200 ng/kg/min) mit einem gegenüber Normalpersonen verstärkten (P〈0.05) Blutdruckanstieg reagierten. Störungen der Noradrenalinfreisetzung und der adrenergen Blutdruckregulation scheinen somit, unabhängig vom Bestehen einer peripheren Neuropathie, nur bei Diabetikern mit klinischen Zeichen autonomer Dysfunktion aufzutreten. Der Nachweis derartiger Störungen gelingt jedoch nur bei Anwendung von Stimuli größerer Intensität wie Orthostase oder Infusion einer hohen Noradrenalindosis.
    Notes: Summary Changes in blood pressure (BP) and plasma norepinephrine (NE) following various stimuli of the sympathetic nervous system were studied in six healthy subjects and in 17 diabetic patients. The latter were subdivided in three groups: (1) six patients with neither peripheral neuropathy nor autonomic dysregulation, (2) six patients with severe peripheral neuropathy without autonomic dysregulation, and (3) five patients with autonomic dysregulation, three of whom suffered also from peripheral neuropathy. The following procedures were performed: (1) cold pressor test (2 min), (2) mechanical irritation of the skin by suction (0.75 kg/cm2, 10 min), (3) orthostasis (10 min), and (4) i.v. infusion of NE (50, 100, 200 ng kg−1 min−1 for 15 min each). Both the stimulated endogenous plasma NE levels and BP response to exogenous NE were the same in normal subjects, in diabetic controls and in diabetics with peripheral neuropathy without autonomic dysregulation. In contrast, diabetics with postural hypotension showed a less pronounced release of NE to standing (P〈0.05), but not to cold pressor test and mechanical skin irritation. Furthermore, they showed increased vasoreactivity to the highest dose (P〈0.05), but not to the lower doses of exogenous NE. Thus NE release and adrenergic BP regulation seem to be altered only in diabetics with clinical signs of autonomic dysregulation. These alterations can only be evaluated when patients are exposed to stimuli of higher intensity, such as orthostasis or infusion of a high NE dose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 214 (1967), S. 279-279 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Blood was withdrawn by carotid puncture without the use of an anticoagulant from pigs which had been stunned by electric shock. It was then centrifuged at 4 C and the unhaemolysed serum was incubated at 37 C for 15 h (fraction A) after addition of toluene or merthiolate. (The precautions taken ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 581-582 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. A, Changes in arterial blood pressure. Hy, 0-05 /ug of 'Hypertensin' (CIBA); R0 native rat serum; JR5 rat serum, 5 h of incubation at 37 C; Rlo rat serum, 10 h of incubation at 37 C; J215 rat serum, 15 h of incubation at 37 C. B, Ui ultra-filtrated serum fraction of JS15; U0 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin production rate ; splanchnic C-peptide output ; hepatic insulin retention ; splanchnic metabolism ; man ; glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin production rate has been estimated in healthy male volunteers (n = 16), and evaluated with respect to splanchnic glucose exchange. Insulin production rate was calculated from splanchnic immunoreactive C-peptide output. C-peptide secretion was estimated by the hepatic venous catheter technique both in the basal state and for 2h following ingestion of various glucose loads (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g). The results demonstrate a basal insulin production rate of 0.017±0.002 U/min (mean±SEM) or 2.04 U/2 h. Values rose in a dose dependent manner from 2.6±1.1 U/2 h after ingestion of 12.5 g of glucose to 10.8±1.1 U/2 h following a glucose load of 100 g. Insulin retention by the liver was estimated at 0.012±0.001 U/min in the basal state, and ranged from 47–85% (70±2%) of production following an oral glucose load. It was also demonstrated 1) that the relative splanchnic glucose output was inversely related to the amount of ingested glucose, and reached a minimum when glucose in excess of 50 g was ingested; and 2) that hepatic glucose retention was directly proportional to insulin production rate (r=0.83; p〈0.001; n= 15). It is suggested that the adaptive capacity of the splanchnic bed to retain glucose depending on the amount of ingested glucose guarantees that splanchnic glucose output fluctuates in healthy man only within a narrow range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; counter-regulatory hormones ; glucagon ; cortisol ; growth hormone ; adrenaline ; insulin ; non-esterified fatty acids ; ketone bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the relative role of “diabetogenic” hormones as insulin antagonists in severe derangements of diabetic control, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone and adrenaline were administered by continuous intravenous infusion, separately and in combination, to ketosis-prone insulin-dependent diabetics (n=11). The amount of insulin required for the assimilation of a 50 g glucose load during the various hormone infusions was determined by means of an automated glucose-controlled insulin infusion system and used as an index of insulin effectiveness. Raising plasma hormone concentrations acutely into the range seen in severe diabetic states (glucagon 517±70 pg/ml; cortisol 32±3 μg/dl; growth hormone 14±3 ng/ml) did not alter significantly blood glucose profile and insulin requirement (control 11.3±1.1 U; glucagon 11.6±2.0 U; cortisol 11.1±0.4 U; growth hormone 12.9±1.4U), except for adrenaline (plasma level 550±192 pg/ml), which caused a marked rise in blood glucose levels and a threefold increase in insulin demand (31.1±3.7 U). Combined infusion of all hormones did not potentiate significantly the latter effect (38.3±4.7 U). The effectiveness of metabolic control by insulin was assessed by a marked decrease in plasma non-esterified free fatty acids and ketone bodies upon its administration after glucose ingestion in all groups studied. It is concluded that from the hormones investigated within this study adrenaline exerts the strongest diabetogenic action during its short term administration followed by that of growth hormone. Whereas it may well be that over-insulinization of the patients by the glucose controlled insulin infusion system has overcome and disguised the smaller diabetogenic effects of cortisol and glucagon.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 973-974 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words High glucose ; adhesion molecules ; endothelial cells ; interleukin-1 ; diabetes mellitus.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We evaluated the influence of high ambient glucose on cellular expression of adhesion molecules, known to mediate endothelial interaction of leucocytes and monocytes. Paired cultures of individual isolates of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were studied by fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis after exposure to 30 vs 5 mmol/l glucose. Incubation of HUVECs for 24 h in 30 mmol/l glucose increased ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1; 116.4 ± 16.9 % of control, p≤ 0.05), but not PECAM (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule) expression, compared to cultures kept in 5 mmol/l glucose. Long-term exposure (13 ± 1 days) of HUVECs to 30 mmol/l glucose increased expression of ICAM-1 to 122.5 ± 32.2 % (p 〈 0.002) and reduced that of PECAM to 86.9 ± 21.3 % vs the respective control culture in 5 mmol/l glucose (p 〈 0.02). Stimulation of confluent HUVECs, kept in 30 vs 5 mmol/l glucose for 13 ± 1 days, with 20 U/ml interleukin-1 for 24 h (ICAM-1) and 4 h (endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1) resulted in reduced ICAM-1 (84.8 ± 27.0 %, p 〈 0.05) and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (87.6 ± 22.4 %, p 〈 0.05) expression vs control cells, while that of PECAM (t: 24 h) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (t: 16 h) remained unchanged. In conclusion, it appears that differences in expression of adhesion molecules on HUVECs in response to high glucose reflects endothelial glucose toxicity, which may also induce endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. [Diabetologia (1995) 38: 1367–1370]
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: High glucose ; adhesion molecules ; endothelial cells ; interleukin-1 ; diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We evaluated the influence of high ambient glucose on cellular expression of adhesion molecules, known to mediate endothelial interaction of leucocytes and monocytes. Paired cultures of individual isolates of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were studied by fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis after exposure to 30 vs 5 mmol/l glucose. Incubation of HUVECs for 24 h in 30 mmol/l glucose increased ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1; 116.4±16.9% of control, p ≤ 0.05), but not PECAM (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule) expression, compared to cultures kept in 5 mmol/l glucose. Long-term exposure (13±1 days) of HUVECs to 30 mmol/l glucose increased expression of ICAM-1 to 122.5±32.2% (p〈0.002) and reduced that of PECAM to 86.9±21.3% vs the respective control culture in 5 mmol/l glucose (p〈0.02). Stimulation of confluent HUVECs, kept in 30 vs 5 mmol/l glucose for 13±1 days, with 20 U/ ml interleukin-1 for 24 h (ICAM-1) and 4 h (endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1) resulted in reduced ICAM-1 (84.8±27.0%, p〈0.05) and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (87.6±22.4%, p〈0.05) expression vs control cells, while that of PECAM (t: 24 h) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (t: 16 h) remained unchanged. In conclusion, it appears that differences in expression of adhesion molecules on HUVECs in response to high glucose reflects endothelial glucose toxicity, which may also induce endothelial dysfunction in diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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