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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronische lösungsmittelbelastung am arbeitsplatz (1976)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 36 (1976), S. 287-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Toluene ; Hippuric acid ; Thin-layer scanning ; Urine ; Printing works ; Toluol ; Hippursäure ; Chromatogramm-Spektralphotometrie ; Harn ; Tiefdruckbetrieb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine dünnschichtchromatographisch-densitometrische Methode zur Bestimmung der Hippursäurekonzentration im menschlichen Urin beschrieben. Ihre unter den Bedingungen der statistischen Qualitätskontrolle ermittelte Genauigkeit beträgt 6,85%. Die Wiederauffindungsraten lagen zwischen 98,1 und 104,5%. Diese Zuverlässigkeitskriterien werden mit der auf Pagnotto zurückgehenden UV-spektrometrischen Bestimmungsmethode verglichen. Die Selektivität der Methode erlaubt es u.a., die bei einer Mischexposition gegenüber Toluol und Xylolen im Harn auftretenden Tolursäuren von Hippursaure abzutrennen und zu bestimmen. Die dünnschichtchromatographisch bestimmte mittlere Hippursäureausscheidung eines Normal-Kollektivs (n = 30) betrug 0, 79 g/l. Ein Kollektiv von toluolexponierten Arbeitern wurde zu Schichtbeginn und gegen Schichtende hinsichtlich seiner Hippursäureausscheidung untersucht. Bei einer mittleren Toluolkonzentration in der Luft von 27 ppm ergab sich eine densitometrisch bestimmte mittlere Hippursäureausscheidung von
    Notes: Summary A thin-layer chromatographic-densitometric method for determining hippuric acid in human urine is described. Under conditions of statistical quality control the precision of the method is 6.85%. The rate of recovery is 98.1–104.5%. The selectivity of the method enables separation and determination of, among others, hippuric acid from methyl-hippuric acids. These acids are eliminated in the urine of people exposed to toluene as well as to xylenes. The criteria for reliability are compared with those of the UV-spectrometric method tracing back to Pagnotto. The average concentration of hippuric acid as determined by thin-layer chromatography of a group of normal persons (n = 30) was 0.79 g/l. A group of employees exposed to toluene was examined according to their elimination of hippuric acid at the beginning and the end of their shift. An average concentration of 27 ppm of toluene in the air caused an average elimination of hippuric acid in urine of 2.04 g/l which was determined densitometrically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409358
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Praxisgerechte methode zur kobaltbestimmung in harn (1981)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 49 (1981), S. 77-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Cobalt ; Atomic absorption spectrometry ; Urine ; Kobalt ; Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie ; Harn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine einfache und analytisch zuverlässige Methode zur Kobaltbestimmung im Harn wird beschrieben. Nach einer Extraktion wird das Kobalt mit Hilfe der flammenlosen Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie gemessen. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 0.1 μg Kobalt pro Liter Harn. Bei definiert zugesetzten Kobaltmengen liegt die Wiederfindung zwischen 101 and 107%. Der Variationskoeffizient schwankt zwischen 3,4 und 8,6%. Bei beruflich nicht exponierten Personen fanden sich Konzentrationen zwischen 0,l and 0,75 μg/l.
    Notes: Summary A simple and reliable analytical method for the determination of cobalt in human urine is described. After an extraction step, cobalt is measured with the aid of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The detection limit is 0.1 μg cobalt per litre urine. The recovery of cobalt, determined by the addition of a defined cobalt concentration to the urine, is in the range of 101–107%. The relative standard deviation is between 3.4 and 8.6%. In the urine of persons not professionally exposed to cobalt, concentrations between 0.1 and 0.75 μg/l were found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380811
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic occupational exposure to organic solvents (1992)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 64 (1992), S. 261-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: 1-Methoxypropan-2-ol ; Internal exposure ; Blood ; Urine ; Half-lives ; Biological tolerance value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-two persons (20 men and 2 women) were examined for their external and internal exposure to the glycol ether 1-methoxypropan-2-ol (PGME) during the production, leak testing and mounting of brake-hoses. For the measurement of external exposure, personal air monitoring was the method of choice. Average concentrations of PGME of 82.2 mg/m3 (22.3 ppm), 68.6 mg/m3 (18.6 ppm) and 11.3 mg/m3 (3.1 ppm) were found in the air of the brakehose production, leak test and mounting areas, respectively. For the estimation of internal exposure to PGME, this glycol ether was measured in both urine and blood. The biological samples were taken post-shift. The highest internal exposure levels were found in the brakehose production section and in the leak test area. The average post-shift concentrations for PGME in workers in the brakehose production section were 4.6 mg/l in urine and 13.5 mg/l in blood; the corresponding figures for workers in the leak test area were 4.2 mg/l in urine and 11.0 mg/l in blood. In blood and urine samples of workers engaged in the mounting area, PGME levels were below the detection limits. The elimination kinetics of PGME were also studied in three highly exposed persons, and mean excretion half-lives of PGME of approximately 4.4 h were found. On the basis of our results we made a rough calculation of a future biological tolerance value: we would except that concentrations of 38-109 mg per litre of blood and 10–31 mg per litre of urine would correspond to the German MAK value for PGME (375 mg/m3).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378284
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N,N- Dimethylformamide – influence of working conditions and skin penetration on the internal exposure of workers in synthetic textile production (1998)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 71 (1998), S. 309-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Dimethylformamide ; Occupational exposure ; Ambient monitoring ; Biological monitoring ; Dermal absorption ; Occupational health and safety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: This study examined the external and internal exposure to the solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) of 126 workers from a factory producing synthetic fibers. Methods: Air measurements were carried out using personal air samplers with diffusion tubes (Dräger, ORSA 5). For the purpose of biological monitoring the levels of N-methylformamide (NMF) in urine were measured in preshift and postshift samples. Determinations were carried out using gas chromatography. Anamnestic data were collected with standardized questionnaires, including personal data, working history and current working conditions, and former and current illness with regard to the effects of DMF. Skin diseases were documented by a dermatologist. Results: DMF concentrations measured in the air ranged between 〈0.1 and 37.9 ppm (median 1.2 ppm). Concentrations of NMF varied from 0.05 to 22.0 mg/l (preshift values) and from 0.9 to 100.0 mg/l (postshift values). The creatinine-related values (0.02–44.6 mg/g preshift; 0.4–62.3 postshift) were subject to less variation and therefore represented the level of exposure better than the values related to volume. Additional investigation of a subcollective (n = 31) over a period of 4 days showed that NMF did not accumulate in the organism. The positive but relatively weak association observed between the DMF concentrations measured in the workplace air and the values recorded for internal exposure in this study can be explained by influencing factors such as dermal absorption or protective clothing. Interindividual differences in internal exposure were found for the specific work areas. The German BAT value (15 mg NMF/l urine) was exceeded in 36 persons (29%) despite the use of breathing protection and protective gloves, without increased values being measured in the air. Increased absorption without higher-level exposure could particularly also be observed in employees with eczema. Conclusions: From the point of view of the prevention of disease, biological monitoring is the best instrument for exposure assessment of workers exposed to DMF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050286
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ein praxisgerechtes atomabsorptionsspektrometrisches verfahren zur bestimmung von nickel in harn (1981)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 49 (1981), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Nickel ; Urine ; Electrothermal atomic absorption ; Nickel ; Harn ; elektrothermale Atomabsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein analytisch zuverlässiges „Eintopfverfahren” zur Bestimmung von Nickel in Harn beschrieben. Nach einem Extraktionsschritt wird das Schwermetall mit Hilfe der elektrothermalen Atomabsorption bestimmt. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 0,1 μg/l. Die Variabilitätskoeffizienten der Serienbestimmung lagen zwischen 2,3 und 9,5%, die Wiederfindungsraten zwischen 98 und 105%. Bei beruflich nicht exponierten Personen wurden Nickelkonzentrationen zwischen 0,34 und 2,25 μg/l. gemessen. Die obere Normgrenze wird auf 1,9 μg/l. geschätzt.
    Notes: Summary An analytically reliable “one-vessel-method” for the determination of nickel in urine is described. After an extraction step, the metal content is analysed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The detection limit amounts to 0.1 μg/l. The coefficients of variability for determinations in series are between 2.5 and 9.5% and the recoveries between 98 and 105%. In a group of occupationally unexposed persons (n = 39), concentrations of nickel in urine are measured from 0.34 to 2.25 μg/1. The upper normal level is estimated to be 1.9 μg/l.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377672
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupational chronic exposure to metals (1990)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 61 (1990), S. 7-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Nickel exposure ; Stainless steel welding ; Biological monitoring ; Ambient monitoring ; Limit values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stainless steel welders (n = 103) were examined. To estimate external exposure, personal air sampling was used. Internal exposure was quantified by the determination of nickel levels in erythrocytes, plasma and urine. Men and women (n = 123) were examined for control purposes. In the plasma and erythrocytes of the controls the nickel concentration was below the level of detection (〈 1.81 μg/l). The element concentrations in urine were between 〈 0.1 and 13.3 μg/l. Of the controls 95% showed nickel levels in urine below 2.2 μg/l (reference value). The average concentration of nickel in the air was 93 ± 81 μg/m3. The average concentration of nickel in the plasma samples was 4.9 ± 4.0 μg/l (95th percentile 12.8 μg/L). In erythrocytes nickel could not be detected. The nickel concentrations in the urine of the welders were 18.5 ± 28.5 μg/l on average (95th percentile 52.5 μg/l). Only a weak correlation between the nickel levels of plasma and urine could be detected (Curine = 2.07 + 8.45 Cplasma; r = 0.294; p 〈 0.01). Based on our results and on the reported literature a future limit value for the nickel concentration in urine should lay between 30 and 50 μg/l. This value corresponds to an external exposure of 500 μg nickel per cubic metre.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397842
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The determination of metals (antimony, bismuth, lead, cadmium, mercury, palladium, platinum, tellurium, thallium, tin and tungsten) in urine samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (1997)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 69 (1997), S. 219-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words ICP-MS ; Urine ; Metals ; Occupational medicine ; Environmental medicine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective: An analytical method has been established to determine the concentration of antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), tellurium (Te), tin (Sn), thallium (Tl) and tungsten (W) in urine. The aim was to develop a method which is equally suitable for the determination of environmentally as well as occupationally caused metal excretion. Methods: Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) was used for the determination of metals. Calibration was done using aqueous solutions and standard addition respectively. Results: Urine samples of 14 persons occupationally non-exposed to metals were analysed. With the exception of Pt and Bi all the metals were found in these urine samples. The detection limits for these metals lie between 5 and 50 ng/l. Conclusions: For some metals, which are important from an occupational as well as an environmental viewpoint, ICP-MS is more sensitive than atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). ICP-MS, moreover, is welcome as a reference method for AAS with the additional advantage of multi-element measurement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050140
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupational chronic exposure to organic solvents (1979)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 43 (1979), S. 63-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Toluene ; Benzene ; Cresols ; Phenol ; Urine ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A group of printing workers (n = 34) exposed to toluene was examined according to the concentrations of hippuric acid, phenol, o-cresol, and (m+p)-cresol in urine. The average concentration in the air of the workroom was 23 ppm. It is shown that, besides hippuric acid, small amounts $$(\bar x = 1.1{\text{ }}mg/l)$$ of o-cresol. which is not a normal constituent of urine, were formed from toluene. The occurrence of o-cresol could be proved by mass spectrometry. On account of the small amounts of benzene present in industrially used toluene—in this case 0.025%—the average concentration of phenol in urine of the exposed group was significantly higher statistically $$(\bar x = 7.6 \pm {\text{ 4}}{\text{.3 }}mg/l)$$ than in urine from the controls $$(\bar x = 5.3 \pm {\text{ 2}}{\text{.0 }}mg/l; n = 28)$$ .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454281
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronische lösungsmittelbelastung am arbeitsplatz (1979)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 42 (1979), S. 257-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Phenol ; Cresols ; Gas chromatography ; High pressure liquid chromatography ; Photometry ; Urine ; Phenol ; Kresole ; Gaschromatographie ; Hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographie ; Photometrie ; Harn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine gaschromatographische und eine hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographische Methode zur Bestimmung von Phenol und Kresolen im Harn wind beschrieben. Phenol wind in beiden Fällen selektiv erfaßt. o-, m- und p-Kresol wird beschrieben. Phenol wind in beiden Fällen selektiv erfaßt. o-, m- und p-Kresol werden hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographisch nicht getrennt. Gaschromatographisch gelingt die Abtrennung von o-Kresol. Aufgrund der speziellen Probenaufbereitung sind beide Verfahren sehr empfindlich. Die Nachweisgrenzen liegen zwischen 0,2 und 1,3 mg/l. 24-h-Harne eines Normalkollektivs (n = 30) werden untersucht (xPhenol = 4,6 mg/l; xp-Kresol = 45,7 bzw. 52,6 mg/l). Die Ergebnisse werden mit denen eines photometrischen Verfahrens verglichen.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic and high pressure liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of phenol and cresols in urine are described. In both cases phenol is determined specifically; o-, m- und p-cresols are not separated by high pressure liquid chromatography. However, o-cresole is separated by gas chromatography. On account of the special preparation of urine samples both methods are very sensitive. The detection limits lie between 0.2 and 1.3 mg/l. 24-h samples of normal urines (n = 30) are analysed (xphenol = 4.6 mg/l; xp-cresol = 45.7 mg/l, respectively 52.6 mg/l). These results are compared with those of a photometric method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377780
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupational chronic exposure to metals (1987)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 59 (1987), S. 503-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Chromate exposure ; Stainless steel welding ; Ambient monitoring ; Biological monitoring ; Erythrocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary External and internal chromate exposure of 103 stainless steel welders who were using manual metal arc welding (MMA), metal inert gas welding (MIG) and both methods, were measured by ambient and biological monitoring. At the working places the maximum chromium trioxide concentrations were 80 μg/m3. The median values were 4 μg/m3 (MMA) and 10 μg/m3 (MIG). The median chromium concentrations in erythrocytes, plasma and urine of all welders were 〈 0.60, 9.00 and 32.50 μg/l. For biological monitoring purposes, chromium levels in erythrocytes and simultaneously in plasma seem to be suitable parameters. According to our results, chromium levels in plasma and urine in the order of 10 and 40 μg/l seem to correspond to an external exposure of 100 μg chromium trioxide per cubic metre, the technical guiding concentration (TRK-value). Chromium concentrations in erythrocytes greater than 0.60 μg/l indicate an external chromate exposure greater than the TRK-value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377845
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