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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 266 (1988), S. 216-226 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Tensile deformation ; chain rupture ; ESR spectroscopy ; polyamide 6,6fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The strain dependence of the elastic, anelastic and plastic components of deformation energy was determined by means of cyclic stress-strain experiments for a set of polyamide 6,6 fibers obtained by different processing techniques. Small angle X-ray scattering experiments revealed that the deformation of the supermolecular lattices of the fibers, consisting of crystalline lamellae and amorphous regions, was identical to the macroscopic deformation of the sample. ESR experiments showed that deformation gives rise to chain rupture events obviously occurring in the amorphous regions in all fibers above a critical strain level. The strain dependence of the free radical concentration was found to agree closely with the corresponding behavior of the plastic deformation energy. This indicates that chain rupture events influence stress-strain properties, particularly at large strains. The absolute values of the experimentally determined plastic deformation energy and of the theoretical value, however, calculated from the number and energy balance of ruptured chains, disagree strongly. Possible explanations are free radical recombinations and secondary dissipative processes resulting from chain rupture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Water soluble vitamins (secretion, cell content) ; Chlamydomonas ; Chlorella ; Scenedesmus ; Anabaena
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardii, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus, and one blue-green alga, Anabaena cyclindrica, were grown in chemically defined media. All the algac examined contained folates, β-carotene and vitamins C and E; several of the B-vitamins and vitamin A were found in varying amounts in some but not in all the algae examined. All the green algae secreted significant amounts of folate and biotin and all but Scenedesmus secreted pantothenate into their growth medium; Anabaena secreted folate and pantothenate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of classification 6 (1989), S. 177-193 
    ISSN: 1432-1343
    Keywords: Partition ; Split ; Dendrogram ; Dual graph ; Complexity ; Polynomial algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé SoientN objets à classifier et une matrice de dissimilarit és entre paires de ces objets. L'écart d'une classe est la plus petite dissimilarité entre un objet de cette classe et un objet en dehors d'elle. L'algorithme du lien simple fournit des partitions enM classes dont le plus petit écart est maximum. On étudie l'écart moyen des classes, ou, ce qui est équivalent, la somme des écarts. On propose un algorithme en Θ(N 2) pour déterminer des partitions enM classes dont la somme des écarts est maximum pourM allant deN − 1 à 2, basé sur le graphe dual du dendrogramme de la méthode du lien simple.
    Notes: Abstract ConsiderN entities to be classified, and a matrix of dissimilarities between pairs of them. The split of a cluster is the smallest dissimilarity between an entity of this cluster and an entity outside it. The single-linkage algorithm provides partitions intoM clusters for which the smallest split is maximum. We study here the average split of the clusters or, equivalently, the sum of splits. A Θ(N 2) algorithm is provided to determine maximum sum-of-splits partitions intoM clusters for allM betweenN − 1 and 2, using the dual graph of the single-linkage dendrogram.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 259 (1981), S. 1047-1055 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polyamide fiber ; Tensile deformation ; Chain rupture ; Energy dissipation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Deformation von Polyamid 6 Fasern führt zu irreversiblen Veränderungen in den mechanischen Eigenschaften, die offensichtlich durch Kettenbrüche verursacht werden. Dieser molekulare Versagensprozeß wird gewöhnlich mittels der ESR-Spektroskopie analysiert. Die hierdurch erhaltene Anzahl an Kettenbrüchen ist jedoch viel zu gering, um sowohl die Veränderungen in den mechanischen Eigenschaften als auch die starke Abnahme des mittleren Molekulargewichtes erklären zu können. Auf der Grundlage unserer Untersuchungen zur Energiedissipation, aus Streuexperimenten und spektroskopischen Untersuchungen kommen wir zu dem Schluß, daß Kettenbrüche für die Veränderungen der Eigenschaften allein verantwortlich sind. Die Energiedissipation läßt sich vollständig auf die Energiefreisetzung beim Kettenbruch und energetische Wechselwirkungen mit umgebenden Segmenten zurückführen, in Einklang mit den Ergebnissen zur Molekulargewichtserniedrigung. Die spektroskopisch bestimmte Anzahl an Kettenbrüchen wird durch eine schnelle Rekombination der freien Radikale beeinträchtigt.
    Notes: Summary The tensile deformation of polyamide 6 fibers gives rise to irreversible changes of its tensile properties, which apparently arise from chain rupture. This molecular failure process is usually analyzed by means of the ESR-spectroscopy. The number of ruptured chains, as obtained by this method, is, however, much too small to account for the changes of the tensile properties and for the observed strong decrease of the average molecular weight. Based on studies on energy dissipation, on structural as well on spectroscopical investigations we come to the conclusion that chain rupture is mainly responsible for the irreversible changes of the tensile properties. The dissipation of energy can be accounted for in terms of the energy release on chain rupture and energetic interactions with neighboring segments, in agreement with the data on the molecular weight decrease. The spectroscopically determined number of ruptured chains is governed by a fast recombination of the free radicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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