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  • Anal incontinence  (1)
  • Anale Inkontinenz  (1)
  • Cervical cancer  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Gynäkologe 33 (2000), S. 864-871 
    ISSN: 1433-0393
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Episiotomie ; Dammschnitt ; Beckenboden ; Dammriss ; Harninkontinenz ; Anale Inkontinenz ; Keywords Episiotomy ; Pelvic floor ; Urinary incontinence ; Anal incontinence ; Perineal tears ; Third-degree tear
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Episiotomy is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in obstetrics. There are many purported benefits such as prevention of trauma to the pelvic floor, prevention of severe perineal tears and third-degree and fourth-degree lacerations, shortening of the second stage of labour, reduced compression to the foetal head and enlargement of the vaginal outlet. This belief resulted in various indications for episiotomy: perineal or vaginal tears presumed to be imminent, prolonged second stage of labour in the case of foetal distress, breech delivery and other foetal malpresentations (i.e. occiput malpresentation), assisted delivery (vacuum and forceps extraction), and propyhlactic use of episiotomy (routine episiotomy). However, there is little scientific evidence to support the ascribed benefits. There are only few indications for an episiotomy with proved benefit for mother or child. Liberal use of episiotomy does not decrease trauma to the pelvic floor and its sequelae such as urinary incontinence, anal incontinence or pelvic floor relaxation. Compared to spontaneous tears, episiotomy is not associated with improved wound healing. Routine use of episiotomy, therefore, should be avoided; the indication for an episiotomy should be determined individually on a case-by-case basis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Episiotomie ist der häufigste geburtshilfliche Eingriff. Ihr wurden eine Vielzahl von Vorteilen zugeschrieben wie: Vermeidung von Beckenbodentrauma, Vermeidung von unkontrollierten und unregelmäßigen Scheiden-Damm-Rissen, Vermeidung von Sphinkterläsionen (DRIII/IV), Verkürzung der Austreibungsphase, verminderter Druck auf den kindlichen Kopf und Erhöhung des Raumangebots im Scheidenausgangsbereich. Daraus ergaben sich eine Fülle von Indikationen wie: drohende Damm- oder Scheidenruptur, prolongierte Austreibungsphase bei drohender kindlicher Hypoxie, Beckenendlagengeburt, Lageanomalien (v. a. okzipitoposteriore Lagen), vaginal-operative Geburten (Vakuum- und Forzepsextraktion) bis hin zum Postulat der prophylaktischen Anwendung der Episiotomie (“Routinedammschnitt”). Die angeführten Vorteile der Episiotomie halten der kritischen Prüfung mittels klinischer Studien ausreichender Qualität nicht stand. Insgesamt gibt es nur wenige Indikationen für einen Dammschnitt mit gesichertem Nutzen für Mutter oder Kind. Die häufige Anwendung des Dammschnitts hat keine Reduktion höhergradiger Damm- oder Scheidenrisse zur Folge. Dem Dammschnitt kann kein protektiver Effekt hinsichtlich des Risikos der Entstehung eines geburtshilflich bedingten Beckenbodentraumas mit den Folgen Harninkontinenz, anorektale Inkontinenz und Descensus genitalis zugeschrieben werden. Im Vergleich zum spontanen Riss weist der Dammschnitt keine bessere Wundheilung auf. Der Routinedammschnitt hat demnach in der Geburtshilfe keinen Platz mehr. Er sollte einer individuellen und restriktiven Indikationsstellung weichen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Cervical cancer ; Cytokeratin DNA cell-cycle analysis ; DNA ploidy ; Flow cytometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract DNA ploidy and cell-cycle distribution were determined by flow cytometry in fresh tumour tissue of 53 cervical carcinomas. Epithelial cells were labelled by a fluorescein-isothiocyanate-conjugated cytokeratin antibody (CK6, CK18) to study the influence of contaminating stromal and inflammatory cells on results of cell-cycle analysis of tumour cells. Without identification of cytokeratin-positive cells 30/53 (57%) tumours were found to be DNA-aneuploid compared to 43/53 (81%) after gating for cytokeratin. Only 7 of 15 DNA-multiploid tumours could be detected without cytokeratin staining. In addition, cytokeratin-negative cells, which are found in all tumours, can be used as an internal standard for the calculation of ploidy and for quality control (coefficient of variation, linearity) of each individual sample. Cell-cycle analysis revealed significantly higher S-phase and G2M-phase fractions in cytokeratin-gated compared to ungated samples (13.1% versus 10.0% and 8.0% versus 5.4%;P〈0.001). This difference was more pronounced in DNA-diploid than DNA-aneuploid tumours. In conclusion, about 30% of DNA-aneuploid tumours could only be detected after cytokeratin labelling of epithelial cells. Owing to the identification of cytokeratin-positive cells the influence of non-tumoural cell elements on cell-cycle analysis was reduced markedly. Therefore, in cervical cancer, cytokeratin labelling can optimize both the determination of DNA ploidy and cell-cycle analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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