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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (127)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (114)
  • Engineering General  (43)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (33)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (30)
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Material
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Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Smoothing techniques for certain primitive variable solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations (1979)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1785-1804 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Several types of smoothing technique are considered which generate continuous approximation (i.e. nodal values) for vorticity and pressure from finite element solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations using quadrilateral elements. The simpler schemes are based on combinations of linear extrapolation and/or averaging algorithms which convert elementwise. Gauss point values to nodal point values. More complicated schemes, based on a global smoothing technique which employ the mass matrix (consistent or lumped), are also presented.An initial assessment of the accuracy of the several schemes is obtained by comparing the approximate vorticities with an analytical function. Next, qualitative vorticity comparisons are made from numerical solutions of the steady-state driven cavity problem. Finally, applications of smoothing techniques to discontinuous pressure fields are demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620141204
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The consistent Galerkin FEM for computing derived boundary quantities in thermal and or fluids problems (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 371-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Consistent Flux ; Heat Flux ; Derived Quantities ; FEM ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A consistent, accurate and reasonably simple method of obtaining derived quantities when the conventional Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) is used to obtain the primary quantities is defined and demonstrated, both theoretically and numerically.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650070406
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of the Alfin polymerization of styrene and isoprene (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 39 (1959), S. 249-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The overall rate of polymerization of styrene and isoprene with the heterogeneous allylsodium-sodium isopropoxide-sodium chloride (Alfin PP) system as initiator is reaction-controlled and is first order with respect to monomer and proportional to the amount of initiator present. The intrinsic viscosity of the product is independent of the monomer and initiator concentrations. The rate of styrene polymerization is independent of alkoxide concentration over a certain range, while the intrinsic viscosity increases with increasing alkoxide concentration. The activation energy of the overall rate is about 12 kcal./mole for styrene and 10 kcal./mole for isoprene. The simplest explanation of the kinetic results assumes initiation and termination steps involving the monomer. The distribution of molecular weights in Alfin polystyrene appears very broad. The kinetic features of this reaction bear a strong resemblance to those of the formation of isotactic polymers from the alkyl aluminum-titanium chloride system (Ziegler catalyst.)
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1959.1203913520
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophoresis of DNA. III. The effect of several univalent electrolytes on the mobility of DNA (1964)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 231-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electrophoretic mobility of DNA in the presence of tetramethylammonium and alkali metal ion chlorides has been studied as a function of ionic strength. Each cation exhibits a characteristic behavior in accord with the idea that the order of inter-action with DNA is Li+ 〉 Na+ 〉 K+ 〉 TMA+. The application of theories of the electrophoresis of polyelectrolytes is discussed, leading to an attempt to calculate the fractional charge per DNA phosphorus from the mobility data. Over the range 0.05-0.4M a constant and unique value of the DNA charge is obtained in the presence of each cation. Values of the zeta potential and of the friction factor per monomer unit are also calculated.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1964.360020304
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat of the reaction forming the three-stranded poly (A + 2U) complex (1965)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 491-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Calorimetric measurements of the heat of the addition of the second strand of poly U to poly (A + 2U) to form the three-stranded poly (A + 2U) complex in 0.1M and 0.5M NaCl at 24 and 37°C. are reported. A value of ΔH = -3800 cal./mole of poly (A + 2U) formed was found to be fairly insensitive to the experimental conditions employed. The heat of the addition of the third strand to the preformed poly (A + U) helix is considerably less exothermic than the heat of reaction between poly A and poly U to form poly (A + U). The insensitivity of the heat of addition of the third strand (poly U) to changes in salt concentration and temperature lends qualitative support to the earlier hypothesis that the major portion of the variation of the ΔH of the poly A and poly U reaction with experimental conditions arises from differences in the conformation of poly A. Combining the information obtained in this study for the ΔH of the reaction forming poly (A + 2U) with data for the ΔH of the formation of poly (A + U) indicates that the conversion of poly (A + U) to poly (A + 2U) is opposed by an enthalpy change which increases with temperature. Extrapolation of these values to 52°C. where poly (A + U) is transformed to poly (A + 2U) in 0.5M NaCl leads to a value of ΔH = +3800 cal./mole (A + 2U) formed and ΔS = 11.5 cal./mole of (A + 2U) formed. It is concluded from the calorimetric data that the driving force for the poly (A + U) to poly (A + 2U) conversion reaction is the favorable entropy change.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1965.360030410
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscosity study of DNA. II. The effect of simple salt concentration on the viscosity of high molecular weight DNA and application of viscometry to the study of DNA isolated from T4 and T5 bacteriophage mutants (1968)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 6 (1968), S. 1005-1018 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polyelectrolyte expansion effects on high molecular weight bacteriophage DNA have been studied by examining the influence of simple salt concentration upon the intrinsic viscosity, [η]. The viscosity-molecular weight exponent a in the expression [η] = KMa diminishes from 0.8 in 0.005M simple salt to a limiting value of 0.6 for salt concentrations greater than 0.6M at 25°C. The ε parameter of the N1+ε hydrodynamic representation thus varies from approximately 0.2-0.07 over this range of salt concentration. The intrinsic, viscosity of DNA decreases slightly with increasing temperature at low and moderate salt concentrations but becomes independent of temperature at high salt concentrations. The expansion of the DNA molecular domain is linear in the reciprocal square root of the simple salt concentration. Viscosity differences among DNA's isolated from several bacteriophage T5 mutants reflect small differences in molecular weight which are in agreement, with sine determination by other techniques. The DNA's isolated from various rII mutants of T4 bacteriophage including some very large deletion mutations were found to be identically the same size in accord with current genetic ideas. Details of the representation and extrapolation of viscosity data are discussed and the sensitivity of the technique is evaluated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1968.360060802
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ionic polysaccharides. II. Comparison of polyelectrolyte behavior of hyaluronatc with that of carboxymethyl cellulose (1968)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 6 (1968), S. 1519-1529 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sodium hyaluronate (NaHy) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) behave similarly with respect to concentration.N 3 of an added 1 : 1 electrolyte. The second virial coefficient A2 (light scattering) is identical within experimental error at a given.N 3. The limiting viscosity number [η] also varies with N3-1/2in similar fashion for samples of similar [η] of the two polymers. Differences in Na+ activity in salt-free solutions are interpreted on the basis of weaker Na+ binding in NaHy, presumably due to the greater charge separation along its chain backbone. Added electrolyte is excluded in dialysis more strongly by NaHy (or its acid form) than by NaCMC. The Flory parameter Φ is smaller in good solvents for NaHy, as for many other polyelectrolytes, than for nonionic polymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1968.360061102
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ionic polysaccharides. IV. Free-rotation dimensions for disaccharide polymers. Comparison with experiment for hyaluronic acid (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 811-824 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The root-mean-square end-to-end distance has been calculated for a model allowing free rotation about glycoside bonds for the general case of polysaccharides having a disaccharide repeating unit. Numerical estimates are given for several naturally occurring structures based on an idealized pyranose unit in the C1 chair conformation. Extrapolation procedures which make use of the intrinsic viscosity [η] in good solvents to obtain unperturbed dimensions do not represent, data for hyaluronic acid very well, especially at low molecular weights. However, order-of-magnitude estimates suggest that this polymer behaves similarly to other polysaccharides, and probably has stiffer local structure than typical non-ionic synthetic polymers. A double logarithmic plot of the product of [η] and M̄w, the weight-average molecular weight, against the degree of polymerization in the range for M̄w of 104 to 2 × 104 permits a straight-line fit of available data for all the glycosaminoglycans, including heparin and the chondroitin sulfates, as well as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. This result suggests similarity of short-chain hydrodynamic behavior of these polymers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1970.360090707
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA conformational kinetics (1979)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 18 (1979), S. 83-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A model for the time dependence of DNA conformational state probabilities is formulated in the form of first-order differential equations. This model is applied to investigate the renaturation and denaturation rates for T2 and T7 DNA as reported in the series of experiments by Record and Zimm. Qualitative agreement is found in denaturation and for series of renaturation experiments with the same initial condition. However, partial agreement with series of renaturation experiments having the same final condition is obtained only by including an initial bimolecular step with properly matched pairs of strands. Comparison of all experiments with the calculated rates yields 5 × 104 min-1 as the step rate for melting a single base pair.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1979.360180109
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Helix coil transitions of d (A)n·d(T)n, d(A-T)n·d(A-T)n, and d(A-A-T)n·d(A-T-T)n; evaluation of parameters governing DNA stability (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1115-1137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermally induced helix-coil transitions of three A-T DNAs, d(A)n·d(T)n, d(A-T)n·d(A-T)n, and d(A-A-T)n·d(A-T-T)n, were studied. Experimental transition curves of the DNAs were analyzed using the loop entropy model of DNA melting. The calculation of the melting curve of d(A-A-T)n·d(A-T-T)n is presented using the integral equation formalism of Goel and Montroll. The aim of this work was to evaluate thermodynamic parameters which govern DNA stability and to test the theoretical model employed in the analysis. Our results show (1) an excellent over-all agreement between theory and experiment, (2) a loop entropy exponent k = 1.55 ± 0.05 provided the best fit to all the polymer transition curves, (3) the evaluated stacking free energies reflect the relative stability of the DNAs, and (4) the stacking energies of the ApA·TpT dimer evaluated from d(A)n·d(T)n and d(A-A-T)n·d(A-T-T)n differ. The last result is consistent with different conformations for the dimer in these two polymers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1977.360160512
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