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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (11)
  • Prevalence  (2)
  • classification  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secular trends of weight, height and obesity in cohorts of young Portuguese males in the District of Lisbon: 1960 to 1990 (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 14 (1998), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: BMI ; Height ; Increase ; Obesity ; Prevalence ; Secular trends ; Weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To examine the secular trend of weight, height and obesity among young Portuguese males at the time of military inspection for national conscription purposes in the region of Lisbon, during the last thirty years. Design: Cross-sectional study, based on the review of military census files. Setting: Military selection centre of Lisbon. Subjects and methods: In Portugal, military service is obligatory and medical inspections are carried out every year on males at the age of twenty. For study purposes, representative samples were taken from the young male population undergoing inspection for the Armed Forces on a five year basis, between 1960 and 1990 in the region of Lisbon. Weight and height were evaluated by a trained team, using standard measurement instruments and procedures. Results: A progressive and significant increase in weight, height and BMI of the young male population was found between 1960 and 1990. For certain variables the increase was also statistically significant within a five-year period, as it was the case for height between 1965–1980 and for weight between 1985–1990. The increase in BMI experienced some minor fluctuation along the reference period, however, it was statistically significant between 1985–1990. The increase in weight and in BMI was greater in the highest percentiles and particularly noticeable between 1985 and 1990. The percentage of young males with BMI over 25 kg/m2 was of 8.1% in 1960 and of 18.0% in 1990, while those having a BMI over 27 kg/m2 varied between 3.6% and 6.4% in the same period, respectively. The percentage of young adult males with BMI higher than 25 kg/m2 doubled between 1960 and 1990.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007411710094
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The prevalence of Parkinson's disease in Portugal (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 10 (1994), S. 763-767 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Epidemiology ; Parkinson's disease ; Prevalence ; Sentinel network
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Most of the epidemiological studies designed to determine the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Portugal were hospital-based and the rates reported were around 1/1000. A sentinel network of general practitioners (GPs) has been in effect in the country since 1989, involving doctors with a relatively stable list of patients. This group of doctors notifies, every week, all the cases of certain selected diseases that may occur among the patients under their surveillance. On average, each doctor is responsible for 1500 to 1800 persons, of all ages and both sexes, whose main descriptive characteristics are known and updated every year. This led us to the idea of estimating the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the community and to compare the estimated rates with hospital-based rates. One hundred and fifty general practitioners agreed to participate in a cross-sectional study which included a sample of 220,000 persons. The study took place between March and April 1992 and information on 291 PD patients was collected. Results show that among the study population, age-standardized rates were 1.4/1000 for males and 1.3/1000 for females. Sex-specific rates increase consistently with age in both sexes, reaching a level of 9/1000 in the oldest age group, ‘75 and more’ years. These results estimate a higher prevalence of PD than was determined previously through hospital-based studies and allowed us to determine that patients aged 65 years and more are much likely to be followed by their own GP, either because the disease its already controlled and they are specifically seeking medication or because they find it difficult to attend neurology clinics. To attain a more comprehensive care of such patients, a good collaboration should be guaranteed between the primary care level and the referral neurologists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719295
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical taxonomy of Portuguese Tronchuda cabbage and Galega kale landraces using morphological characters (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 51-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea ; classification ; landrace groups ; morphology ; Portuguese coles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A morphological study was carried out to determine the relationships among Portuguese cole landraces using 58 accessions belonging to: (i) Portuguese Tronchuda cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. tronchuda Bailey syn. var. costata De Candolle, Couve Tronchuda); (ii) Portuguese Galega kale (B. oleracea var. acephala De Candolle, Couve Galega); and (iii) other economically less important coles such as Algarve cabbages (B. oleracea var. capitata L., Couve do Algarve or B. oleracea var. sabauda L., Couve Repolho-lombarda do Algarve). The cole accessions were collected from the growers, studied under field conditions during two consecutive years, and characterized using 46 morphological characters from seedling stage to ripe silique. Morphological data were analysed by numerical taxonomy techniques using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages) and by principal component analysis (PCA). Phenograms based on correlation and distance coefficients showed the existence of 8 main groups (A-H). Five of these groups correspond to Tronchuda cabbage landraces: (A) “Couves de Trás-os-Montes”; (B) “Couves do Minho”; (C) “Couves from Central Portugal”; (D) “Couve Portuguesa”; (E) “Couves from Southern inland Portugal”. The three other groups correspond to: (F) cabbages; (G) miscellaneous coles; and (H) Galega kales. Landrace groups are primarily associated with morphological differences among accessions and secondly with accession geographical origin. The interannual character variation did not affect the clustering patterns of the accessions and therefore the stability of landrace classification. PCA was congruent with the landrace groups defined by the phenograms and gave supplementary information on the usefulness of the characters for the definition of the various groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021725
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic diversity and taxonomy of Portuguese Tronchuda cabbage and Galega kale landraces using isozyme analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 75 (1994), S. 221-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: allozyme variation ; allozyme polymorphism ; Brassica oleracea ; classification ; Portuguese coles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Isozyme analysis was used to study the genetic variation and the genetic relationships of a collection of 48 Brassica spp. including 31 Portuguese coles (Brassica oleracea L.) accessions representative of the different landraces cultivated in Portugal. Other brassicas included in this experiment were Jersey kale, kailaan, common cabbages, broccolis, cauliflower, nine-chromosome wild brassica and turnip. Nine enzymes used in the starch gel electrophoresis included: PGM, PGI, AAT, LAP, TPI, FBP, SOD, IDH and GR. Twenty-one putative loci were revealed, with 3 showing invariance and the other 18 contained 50 alleles. The allelic frequencies at these loci represented by 40 plants per accession were used to calculate the following estimators of genetic variation: % of polymorphic loci, average number of alleles per polymorphic loci, average number of alleles per locus, and index of heterozygosity. The genetic relationships were evaluated considering Nei (1978) and Rogers (1972) genetic distances between each pair of accessions whose matrices were hierarchically clustered by the UPGMA method. The accessions were also studied using the principal coordinate analysis. Portuguese Tronchuda cabbages and Galega kales have shown high genetic diversity in comparison with the other accessions. This indicates their potential variation for use in breeding programs. The UPGMA results show that the 48 accessions, with the exception of B. insularis, B. cretica, and turnip, can be clustered into 6 groups: (a) Portuguese Tronchuda cabbages, Galega kales and Algarve cabbages; (b) common cabbages and kales; (c) Couve Poda do Algarve and broccoli; (d) Algarve cabbage and common cabbages; (e) kailaan; (f) broccoli and cauliflower. The groupings obtained by the isozyme analysis are difficult to interpret considering the origin of the Brassica spp. and the morphological resemblance among the accessions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025607
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature-dependent intensities of Raman bands of di-n-butylamine (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 18 (1987), S. 115-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Raman spectra of di-n-butylamine show bands whose temperature-dependent intensities clearly suggest the occurrence of different conformers in simultaneous equilibria. In particular, the Raman spectrum of the solid phase is compared with that of n-nonane in order to identify the more stable conformation. In addition, intensity rations vs temperature for pairs of Raman bands in the CH stretching region exhibit a smooth variation between the liquid and solid.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250180209
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman spectroscopic study of the conformational equilibrium of liquid 3-fluorostyrene (1993)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 24 (1993), S. 397-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Raman spectra of liquid 3-fluorostyrene show pairs of bands whose temperature-dependent intensities clearly suggest the occurrence of a conformational equilibrium. From these bands, assigned to cis and trans conformers, a trans-cis energy difference of 0.70 ± 0.20 kJ mol-1 was obtained for the liquid phase, higher than the reported gas-phase microwave and ab initio values. The effects of dilution with several solvents of different polarity properties are reported and the improved relative stability of the cis form in high-polarity solvents is interpreted in terms of medium effects on intramolecular through-space dipole-dipole interactions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250240702
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman spectra, conformational stability and normal coordinate analysis of ethylmethylamineThis paper is dedicated to Professor D. A. Long on the occasion of his 70th birthday. (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 26 (1995), S. 653-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Raman spectra of ethylmethylamine and ethylmethylamine-N-d, both in the liquid phase, at different temperatures, and in the solid phase were recorded. Additionally, Fourier transform IR (4000 - 400 cm-1) spectra of these compounds in the liquid phase were also obtained. Normal coordinate calculations were performed for each conformer (T, G and G′), using an optimized local symmetry force field for secondary amines. These calculations allowed the assignment of the vibrational spectra, in good agreement with the experimental evidence. Whereas in the liquid phase all the three possible conformers were detected, in the solid phase only the bands ascribed to the T conformer were observed. From the temperature dependence study of the Raman spectrum of the liquid, the enthalpy differences between conformers were determined, yielding the values 4.6 ± 0.3 kJ mol-1 for ΔHG′-T′ 3.6 ± 0.3 kJ mol-1 for ΔHG - T and 1.1 ± 0.3 kJ mol-1 for ΔHG′- G. These were compared with ab initio SCF-MO results, for the isolated molecule, in order to assess the relative importance of intra-and intermolecular effects on conformational equilibria.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250260811
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rotational isomers of methyl trans-cinnamate: A Raman study (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 22 (1991), S. 519-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Raman and infrared spectra of methyl trans-cinnamate were measured as a function of temperature in the liquid and solid phases. The temperature dependence of the band intensities established the presence of two conformers in the liquid phase (the s-cis and s-trans forms, with C=C—C=O dihedral angles equal to 0° and 180°, respectively; ΔH(s-trans)-(s-cis) = 3.43 ± 0.84 kJ mol-1) and led to the conclusion that the thermodynamically most stable s-cis form is the only form present in the solid.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250220909
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The individual CH bond as a Raman spectroscopic probe to the internal rotation of the CHCl2 Group in C6H5CHCl2 (1984)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 15 (1984), S. 224-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Evidence is provided concerning the internal rotation of the CHCl2 group in the C6H5CHCl2 molecule in the condensed phase using mainly the Raman spectra of the alkylic carbon-hydrogen stretching vibration of C6H5CHCl2 and its deuteriated analogues. Comparison of the Raman bands observed in the region of the CH stretching vibrations for the hydrogenated compound with its deuteriated derivatives allows the assingnment of two Raman bands to the C—H vibrator of the CHCl2 group. The dependence of the profiles of these bands on temperature and dilution in a series of solvents suggests a conformational equilibrium. Comparision of two different theoretical treatments of the isolated molecule enables us to reconize the importance of non-boarded interactions operating during the internal rotation of the dichloromethyl group. The experimental results, used together woth the theoretical studies, lead to the evidence for two probable rotational isomers, designated CH⊥ and CH‖ which are responsible for the two observed Raman bands.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250150404
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reorientation of methylbenzene molecules in the liquid phase: A comparative Raman band shape analysis (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 18 (1987), S. 497-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A comparative Raman band shape study of the reorientation of monosubstituted benzene molecules (C6H5X, X = CH3, CH2Cl, CHCl2, CCl3 and C≡CCH3) in the liquid phase has been performed. Reorientational correlation functions appear to be less sensitive to molecular reorientation about the major axis (Z axis) than to rotation of the axis itself, approaching a symmetric top case. Molecular motion anisotropy is found to increase in the order C6H5CH3 〈 C6H5CH2Cl 〈 C6H5CHCl2 〈 C6H5CCl3 〈 C6H5CCCH3 as the rotation about the Z axis becomes increasingly preferred. These results are in agreement with NMR spin-lattice relaxation data.As expected for liquids with imporatant intermolecular interactions, both the free rotor and Kubo's model fail to fit the experimental correlation functions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250180709
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