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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation between formation, in plasma, of anaphylatoxin and of endogenous pyrogen (1969)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 264 (1969), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Anaphylatoxin ; Endotoxin ; Endogenous Pyrogen ; Agar ; Cobra Venom ; Anaphylatoxin ; Endotoxin ; Endogenes Pyrogen ; Agar ; Cobragift
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two anaphylatoxin-forming agents have been investigated with respect to possible pyrogenic effects: the AT forming fraction of cobra venom and agar. The cobra venom fraction produced fever in rabbits. The pyrogenic principle is, however, not identical with the AT forming enzyme. Unlike the latter the pyrogenic principle is stable in acidic solution and destroyed by periodate. It may be a lipopolysaccharide. Rabbit plasma, incubated with agar caused fever in rabbits. Agar also induced pyrogenic activity in saline after it had been incubated in that medium. The active principle proved to be agaropectin, the water-soluble acidic fraction of agar. Agarose was inert. In contrast, anaphylatoxin formation is induced by agarose, not by agaropectin. In rabbit plasma, agaropectin induces the formation of an endogenous pyrogen. This principle can be separated from the agaropectin by DEAE cellulose chromatography. It is further distinguished from the latter by being heat-labile. Besides being activated by different agents the processes of pyrogen and AT formation differ in their requirement for cations. AT formation is blocked by EDTA but pyrogen formation is not. It is concluded that in spite of similarities and common activation by endotoxins the processes of AT and pyrogen formation are different and independent events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00997746
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limiting factors of the anaphylatoxin forming system in plasma from different species (1970)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 267 (1970), S. 74-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Anaphylatoxin ; Enzymes ; Plasma ; Species Specificity ; Anaphylatoxin ; Enzyme ; Plasma ; Species-Spezifität
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma or serum of various species which do not yield directly measurable amounts of anaphylatoxin (AT) has been investigated with respect to the presence of the anaphylatoxin-forming enzyme (system), anaphylatoxinogen, and the co-factor (PI) which is necessary for the anaphylatoxin-forming enzyme of cobra venom to form anaphylatoxin. The anaphylatoxin-forming enzyme was found in plasma (serum) from man, horse, cow, sheep, pig, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, fowl, and eel. Only in frog plasma could it not be detected. Except for horse and rabbit plasma, it was regularly activated by Sephadex or zymosan. In rabbit plasma Sephadex was inactive and in horse plasma both polysaccharides often failed to activate the formation of AT. Immune precipitates caused activation in horse plasma. The substrate, anaphylatoxinogen was the limiting factor in all species mentioned. After addition of anaphylatoxinogen solutions the plasma of all species formed AT upon activation by contact. The reason for the failure of most mammalian plasmas to show AT activity after contact activation is thus lack of sufficient substrate, not inactivation of AT actually formed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00997116
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beeinflussung der Capillarpermeabilität in der Meerschweinchenhaut durch Anaphylatoxin (AT) (1970)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 266 (1970), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Anaphylatoxin ; Permeability ; Histamine Liberation ; Anaphylatoxin ; Permeabilität ; Histaminfreisetzung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of anaphylatoxin (AT) on vascular permeability has been investigated by injecting Evans-blue intravenously into guinea pigs and recording the blue spots developed at sites of intracutaneously injected AT; for quantitation the area of the spots or the amount of extracted dye was measured. The permeability increasing effect in guinea-pig skin of AT is nearly as strong as that of kallidin (w/w) and about 100 times stronger than that of histamine. Antihistamine drugs reduce the incrase in vascular permeability induced by AT, but do not block it completely. It is concluded, that the effect of AT is partly mediated by liberated histamine and partly due to a direct action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00997286
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histaminunabhängige Wirkungen von Anaphylatoxin auf glatte Muskulatur isolierter Organe (1969)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 262 (1969), S. 399-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Anaphylatoxin ; Histamine Liberation ; Tachyphylaxis ; Smooth Muscle ; Anaphylatoxin ; Histaminliberation ; Tachyphylaxie ; glatte Muskulatur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Anaphylatoxin (AT) auf den isolierten Meerschweinchenuterus wird durch Antihistaminica nicht blockiert. Am Meerschweinchenileum haben Antihistaminica zwar einen hemmenden Effekt, aber sie verhindern auch die Wirkung von Histidylprolin, das nicht durch Histaminliberation wirkt und keine Tachyphylaxie hervorruft; d. h. sie wirken nicht spezifisch. Der histaminunempfindliche Rattendünndarm wird gleichfalls durch AT erregt. Dieser Effekt beruht nicht auf etwaiger Freisetzung von Serotonin. Die Versuche machen es unwahrscheinlich, daß die AT-Kontraktion isolierter glatter Muskulatur durch Aminliberation zustandekommt. Das Phänomen der Tachyphylaxie ist vermutlich durch Receptorblockade zu erklären, nicht durch Erschöpfung von Histaminspeichern.
    Notes: Summary The action of anaphylatoxin (AT) on the isolated guinea-pig uterus is not blocked by antihistaminics. In the guinea-pig ileum antihistaminics do inhibit AT effects, but they also antagonize the contraction induced by histidylproline, a compound which does not act by liberating histamine, i.e. they are not specific for histamine. The isolated small intestine of rats, though unresponsive to histamine, is contracted by AT. This effect is not mediated by released serotonin. The experiments render unlikely the assumption that the AT-induced contractions of isolated smooth muscle are caused by released amines. The phenomenon of AT tachyphylaxis is presumably due to a blockade of receptors by fixed AT and not by exhaustion of histamine stores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00537837
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemotactic effects of the complement-derived peptides C3a, C3ai and C5a (classical anaphylatoxin) on rabbit and guinea-pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (1978)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 305 (1978), S. 181-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Chemotaxis ; Complement peptides ; Anaphylatoxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The complement-derived peptides C3a, C3ai and C5a (= classical anaphylatoxin) were purified from hog serum and examined for chemotactic activity on rabbit and guinea-pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) with the Boyden chamber technique (with filters of 3,0 μm pore size). When media containing albumin or serum were used all peptides induced chemotaxis of both cell species. Only C3a showed a pronounced species dependence in that it was much more active on rabbit than on guinea-pig PMN. No gross differences were found between the influence of 0.5% BSA and 10% heated (56°, 30 min) homologous serum added to the medium. In the absence of protein chemotaxis did not occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508290
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