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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-6792
    Keywords: Dipole source analysis ; Occipital EEG spikes ; BEOP ; Symptomatic occipital lobe epilepsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to distinguish Benign Focal Epilepsy of Childhood with Occipital Paroxysms (BEOP) from its symptomatic counterpart on the basis of the location of the sources of the interictal EEG spikes. Patients were classified into two groups: idiopathic BEOP and symptomatic occipital lobe epilepsy. Source analysis of the averaged occipital spikes was performed using a homogeneously conducting sphere as the volume conductor model. Results showed a statistically significant difference in the eccentricity, i.e., the distance of the occipital spike focus from the centre of the head. The dipole sources of the occipital spikes in the BEOP group were found to be located more superficially than in the symptomatic group, corresponding in six of the nine cases with a source position estimated to be within the cortical layer just below the skull. The eccentricity of the symptomatic occipital spikes suggests a location deeper than the cortical layer. The results were validated in two patients from the symptomatic group. In one patient the estimated deeper dipole source location corresponded with a deeper location of spike activity observed during ECoG; in the other patient's ECoG, spike activity was observed superficially but over an extended area. The discrepancy between estimated and real location may be explained by the method of dipole source analysis used. It is concluded that the finding of a superficial dipole source location of the occipital spikes provides an indication for the diagnosis BEOP (sensitivity: 67%; specificity: 74%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Brain topography 5 (1993), S. 203-213 
    ISSN: 1573-6792
    Keywords: Rolandic spike ; Double spike phenomenon ; Dipole source analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dipole source analysis of rolandic spike-and-wave complexes was performed in 48 children. The estimated source of the rolandic spike, of the trough between the spike and the following slow wave, and of the slow wave appeared to have the same position but had a small significant difference in orientation. Despite the heterogeneity of associated clinical syndromes, there were no clear differences between the clinical categories of patients regarding the localization and the orientation of the sources of the rolandic spike, trough and slow wave. The presence of a second source could explain the ascending phase of the rolandic spike in 19 children. This combination of two sources corresponded with the "double-spike phenomenon" that had been found previously by sequential brain mapping and which was associated with epilepsy. The preceding spike source and the source of the rolandic spike-and-wave complex were found to have the same position but a different orientation. A hypothetical explanation is proposed in which the presence of the rolandic spike-and-wave complex alone is insufficient to account for the clinical symptomatology. Both the preceding spike source and the source of the rolandic spike-and-wave complex, representing two separate, nearby but differently oriented populations of neurones in the inferior part of the rolandic cortex, is necessary for the development of epileptic manifestations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Koronare Herzerkrankung ; Angina pectoris ; Laserrevaskularisierung ; Elektromechanisches Mapping ; Key Words Ischemic haert disease ; Angina pectoris ; Laser revascularisation ; Electromechanical mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Transmyocardial laser revascularization is a modern therapeutic concept for patients with end-stage coronary artery disease not eligible for bypass surgery, percutaneous coronary interventions or heart transplantation. Although the principal idea of creating additional myocardial perfusion from the cavum of the left ventricle was derived from observations in reptile hearts, histological investigations suggest that channel patency is not the underlying mechanism for improved clinical symptoms. Sympathetic denervation and angioneogenesis may be additional explanations for improvement of angina and stress tolerance. The first experiences with transmyocardial laser revascularization were made using a surgical approach. Two randomized multicenter trials could show a significant improvement in angina and stress tolerance 12 months after creating channels using laser technique. While these results were obtained by performing thoracotomy, catheter-based systems have been designed for a less invasive approach of this technique. A further advantage of these new systems is that regions like the septum can be treated which are not eligible for a surgical approach. Using percutaneous transluminal catheter-based systems channels of up to 6 mm length can be created. Beside the fluoroscopic guided creation of myocardial channels a new mapping system has been applied using electromechanical features of viable myocardial tissue. This system is based on the observation that endocardial electrograms recorded from an infarcted area are characterized by very low amplitude and fractionated morphology. This system allows online mapping of viable myocardium and provides spatial, electrical, and mechanical information of the myocardium. This method of electromechanical mapping highly correlates with results obtained from myocardial perfusion scans. Recent preliminary clinical trials demonstrated that catheter-based creation of myocardial channels is a feasible and successful alternative to the surgical laser revascularization. Also with this approach a significant improvement in angina and stress tolerance can be achieved. The results of the PACIFIC study, the first randomized multicenter study using percutaneous transluminal laser revascularization, demonstrates that after 3 and 6 months more than half of the patients presented improved angina of at least 1 Canadian-Cardiovascular-Society class. Whether electromechanical guided myocardial laser revascularization is more efficient than fluoroscopic guided has not been proven yet. Further studies will have to evaluate this issue.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die transmyokardiale Laserrevaskularisierung ist ein modernes Therapiekonzept bei Patienten mit schwerer koronarer Herzerkrankung, die weder einem katheterinterventionellen noch einem bypasschirurgischen Vorgehen oder einer Herztransplantation zugänglich sind. Die initiale Idee, durch transmyokardiale Kannäle eine Verbesserung der Myokardperfusion zu erreichen, stammt von Beobachtungen an Reptilienherzen, bei denen die epikardialen Anteile des Myokards über koronare Gefäße versorgt werden, während die subendothelialen Anteile über ein feines sinusoidales System perfundiert werden. Histologische Untersuchungen ergaben jedoch, dass der überwiegende Anteil der durch einen Laser eingebrachten Kannäle schon nach kurzer Zeit wieder verschlossen ist. Als mögliche Wirkmechanismen werden heute eine gesteigerte Angioneogenese und eine sympathische Denervation favorisiert. Während die transmyokardiale Laserrevaskularisierung zunächst ein chirurgisches Vorgehen darstellte, bei dem nach erfolgter Thorakotomie die Kannäle von epikardial eingebracht wurden, sind in den letzten Jahren perkutane transluminale Kathetersysteme entwickelt worden, die ein Vorgehen von Seiten des Kavums des linken Ventrikels ermöglichen. Um eine Diskriminierung zwischen viablem Myokard und Narbengewebe erreichen zu können, kommen neben nuklearmedizinischen Techniken (Myokardszintigraphie, PET) Mapping-Systeme zu Einsatz, die sich Potentialdifferenzen zwischen den Gewebeformen zu Nutze machen. Prospektive, randomisierte, multizentrische Studien konnten eine signifikante Besserung der Angina-pectoris-Symptomatik und der Belastungstoleranz bei Patienten im Endstadium der koronaren Herzerkrankung zeigen, die sich einer chirurgischen transmyokardialen Laserrevaskularisierung unterzogen haben. Erste Untersuchungen mit perkutanen transluminalen kathetergestützten Systemen zeigten vergleichbare Erfolge bei jedoch reduzierten periinterventionellen Komplikationsraten. Dabei lassen sich röntgenologisch geführte Systeme von solchen unterscheiden, die die Kannäle entsprechend den Ergebnissen eines elektromechanischen Mappings interaktiv positionieren. Bisher sind keine wissenschaftlichen Daten verfügbar, die jeweils die Überlegenheit einer der beiden nicht operativen Vorgehensweisen dokumentieren konnten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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