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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (13)
  • Anodic stripping voltammetry  (1)
  • Finite diffusion space  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A solid composite pH sensor based on quinhydrone (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 7 (1995), S. 889-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: pH electrode ; Quinhydrone ; Sensor ; Modified graphite ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A solid composite pH sensor can be made from quinhydrone, solid paraffin and surface-modified graphite powder. It exhibits an almost theoretical slope of the potential-pH dependence (-57.7 mV at 25°C), a formal potential E0′ = 0.6922V (vs. NHE), low standard deviations for repeated measurements (0.04 pH units), fast potential response (15s) and a working range up to pH 9.5. The sensor can be used in moderately concentrated mineral acids and, unlike the conventional quinhydrone electrode, it is also applicable for measurements in milk. The sensor shows the same salt effect and sensitivity towards strong oxidants and reductants as the conventional quinhydrone electrode. The surface modified graphite was prepared by boiling graphite powder with concentrated nitric acid. By voltammetry it was shown that the surface of the modified graphite contains surface-confined redox centers similar to those in quinhydrone, which can catalyze the electron transfer of the quinhydrone on the surface of the sensor.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140070917
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The standard potentials of the electrode “dissolved atomic mercury/dissolved mercury ions” (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 8 (1996), S. 1075-1076 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Standard potentials ; Redox electrode ; Mercury ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The standard potentials of the redox electrodes “dissolved atomic mercury/dissolved mercury ions” are calculated to be E0(Hg0/Hg2+) = 0.661 V (vs. SHE and E0/Hg0 Hg22+) = 0.410V (vs. SHE). The standard potential of the electrode “metallic mercury/dissolved mercury ions” E0(Hg/Hg2+) = 0.8535V (vs. SHE) is the formal potential of the electrode “dissolved atomic mercury/dissolved mercury ions” at saturation activity of atomic mercury. In all calculations involving dissolved atomic mercury below saturation activity, the standard potentials E0(Hg0/Hg2+) and E0(Hg0/Hg22+) have to be used or the relation between them and E0(Hg/Hg2+) and E0(Hg/Hg22+) has to be taken into account.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140081118
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A graphite silver(I) hexacyanoferrate(III) composite electrode for the determination of iron (III) ions (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 9 (1997), S. 922-925 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Iron ; Reactive electrode ; Silver hexacyanoferrate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A reactive electrode (reactrode) made of silver(i) hexacyanoferrate(III) (Ag-hcf), graphite and paraffin has been developed for the determination of iron(III) ions in solutions down to a concentration of 0.12 mg L-1. Silver ions are reduced to Ag0 and the liberated hecacyanoferrate ions react with iron(III) ions from the solution to form Prussian blue. After this preconcentration step, the iron ions can be determined electrochemically by the characteristic signals of Prussian blue in differential pulse voltammetry. A nonlinear calibration plot is obtained which has a standard deviation of 13%. Pb2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ interfere when they are at the same concentration as iron(III), whereas Cd2+ does not interfere even at higher concentrations. The incorporation of an active reagent into the electrode material remarkably facilitates the analytical procedure and makes the use of a mercury electrode unnecessary.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140091211
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The derivatization of molecular iodine to iodoform and its determination by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 7 (1995), S. 987-989 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Iodine ; Iodoform ; Adsorptive stripping voltammetry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The determination of elementary iodine in aqueous solutions is possible by a preliminary liquid-liquid extraction into benzene, followed by a derivatization to iodoform with alcoholic KOH solution. The iodoform is measured by adsorptive stripping voltammetry at a signal which corresponds to the reaction \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm HCl}_{\rm 3} + {\rm H}^ + + 2{\rm e}^ - \mathbin{\lower.3ex\hbox{$\buildrel\textstyle\rightarrow\over {\smash{\leftarrow}\vphantom{_{\vbox to.5ex{\vss}}}}$}} {\rm H}_{\rm 2} {\rm Cl}_{\rm 2} + {\rm I}^ - $$\end{document} The calibration plot is linear up to 1 × 10-5 mol/L. The detection limit is at least 2 × 10-8 mol/L and the standard deviation of the entire analytical procedure is 10%. The procedure is applicable to seawater.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140071014
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of analytical procedures based on abrasive stripping coulometry and voltammetry for solid state phase microanalysis of natural and synthetic tin-, arsenic-, and antimony-bearing sulfosalts and sulfides of thallium, tin, lead, and silver (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 7 (1995), S. 319-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Solid state electroanalysis ; Microanalysis ; Voltammetry ; Coulometry ; Minerals ; Sulfides ; Sulfosalts ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Analytical procedures are described for the solid state phase microanalysis of synthetic and natural tin-, arsenic-, and antimony-bearing sulfosalts and sulfides of thallium, tin, lead, and silver. In these procedures, abrasive stripping voltammetry and coulometry of the solid phases are applied. Trace amounts of the sample compounds were transferred onto the surface of a graphite electrode and the electrochemical reduction or oxidation was followed by voltammetric techniques. The most valuable technique for distinguishing different mineral phases is to record the anodic dissolution voltammograms after a preliminary electrolytic reduction of the sulfides or sulfosalts to the elementary metals which are still confined to the electrode surface. For various compounds an approach was developed in which the ratio of charges consumed during reduction and oxidation of the solid phases is used for unambiguous identification. Coulometric measurements are also used for the determination of the quantitative composition of the solid phases.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140070404
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Staircase voltammetry with finite diffusion space (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 9 (1997), S. 575-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Staircase voltammetry ; Thin-layer cell ; Finite diffusion space ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theory of the staircase voltammetry in a thin-layer cell is developed. The influence of the cell thickness and the redox reaction rate constant on the current and the peak potentials is analyzed. For moderately thick cells, the kinetic maximum is predicted. The relationship between peak currents and the square root of the scan rate is not linear and the response may entirely vanish if the redox reaction is fast, the cell is very thin and the scan rate is slow.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140090715
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What makes the anodic stripping voltammetry of mercury at a trace level possible? (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 9 (1997), S. 1189-1196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Mercury ; Analysis ; Adsorptive accumulation ; Anodic stripping voltammetry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For thermodynamic reasons it is impossible to describe the anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) of mercury at concentrations below 10-7 mol/L as involving a simple deposition and dissolution of metallic mercury. That follows from the finite solubility of elemental mercury in water at ambient temperature. Instead, it is a more or less strong adsorption of mercury atoms on the electrode surface which makes ASV possible. At these low concentrations, the atomic mercury in the solution can no longer be neglected. A theoretical description for staircase cyclic voltammetry of the reaction Hgads0 ⇌ Hgnq0 ⇌ Hgaq2+ + 2e- has been developed and it is discussed with respect to the ASV of mercury. The adsorption of atomic mercury is considered for the case of different electrode materials and adsorption constants have been estimated from underpotential deposition peaks. The distribution of the following mercury species is given for different electrode potentials and total mercury concentrations: Hg22+, Hg2+, Hgaq0, Hgads0 and Hgmet0.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140091513
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemistry and analytical application of the tin(IV) complex of N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxamic acid in 2-propanol solution (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 7 (1995), S. 230-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Tin ; N-Benzoyl-N-phenyl-hydroxamic acid ; Mechanism ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The tin(IV) complex of N-benzoyl-N-phenyl-hydroxamic acid (HX) and chloride ions [SnIVX2Cl2]0 is reduced in 2-propanol solution via two different pathways depending on the scan rate. At scan rates higher than 20 mV/s, the reduction proceeds via [SnIIX2Cl2]2- and [Sn0X(H2O)2]-, and at slower scan rates the reduction proceeds via [SnIIXCl3]2- and [Sn0Cl(H2O)2]-. This is the first time that experiments have indicated the existence of tin0 complexes. The studied tinIV complex can be used for the determination of tin traces in aqueous solutions. Therefore the tinIV complex is preliminarily extracted from aqueous solution and the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammograms are recorded in the organic solution after addition of 2-propanol. The 3σ limit of detection is 4 × 10-8 mol/L.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140070306
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of parameters for differential pulse voltammetry at the hanging mercury drop electrode (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 1 (1989), S. 437-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The detection limit of differential pulse voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode is investigated. The most important result of this study is that very small pulse amplitudes considerably improve the signal-to-background ratio and lead to lower detection limits. Due to the fact that (in practice) the background current does not originate only from capacitive properties of the electrode, an optimal pulse duration also exists, which guarantees the highest signal-to-background ratio. It is shown that the background current consists of the capacitive current and a very noisy but, on average, constant component, presumably of a faradaic nature that originates from impurities. The effects of the prepulse time, the pulse amplitude, the pulse duration, the step height of the staircase ramp, and the duration of the current sampling time on the signal and background intensity and noise are described.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140010510
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abrasive stripping voltammetric analysis of tin - bismuth (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 2 (1990), S. 85-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The analysis of tin-bismuth alloys using a new stripping technique, abrasive stripping voltammetry, is described. Small amounts of the alloy are transferred by mechanical abrasion from the solid alloy onto the surface of a paraffin-impregnated graphite electrode. These traces are anodically stripped off with differential pulse voltammetry. The ratio of the tin and bismuth peak currents provide a measure of their relative content in the alloy. The determinations have standard deviations of about 5%. Peak potentials are reproducible within a 20-mV range.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140020116
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