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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A putative multipartite model of haloperidol interaction in apomorphine-disturbed behavior of the dog (1978)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 59 (1978), S. 255-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dog ; Self-stimulation ; Apomorphine ; Haloperidol ; Stimulus control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between various doses of apomorphine and haloperidol on intracranial self-stimulation in the dog was studied using a pradigm in which reinforcing brain-stimulation was controlled by a discriminative auditory stimulus. Reinforced leverpressing was decreased by low doses of apomorphine and completely suppressed by stereotypogenic doses. At various doses of apomorphine, low doses of haloperidol either increased response inhibition by enhancing stereotypy, or increased lever pressing by reducing stereotypy while concomitantly increasing the number of nonreinforced responses. Intermediate to relatively high doses of haloperidol antagonized stereotypy and the response inhibition produced by apomorphine. High doses of haloperidol antagonized stereotypy but also suppressed self-stimulation. Thus, haloperidol is not only able to restore performance capability, but also disturbed reinforcing and discriminative stimulus control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426630
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracranial self-stimulation in rats as a function of various stimulus parameters (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 23 (1972), S. 238-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rats ; Self-Stimulation ; Medial Forebrain Bundle ; Monopolar Electrodes ; Various Stimulus Parameter Combinations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Five separate but sequentially planned self-stimulation experiments were performed in rats with monopolar nichrome electrodes implanted in the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus. A total of 272 sessions of 40 min were given and 44 different stimulus parameter combinations were used, i.e. pulse intensities from 0.100–0.250 mA, pulse frequencies from 20–80 pps, pulse widths from 2–10 ms, train durations from 200–800 ms and quantities of charge from 4–64 μC. In all experiments the fixed ratio schedule was 2∶1 (2 responses for 1 stimulus) and the 17 rats emitted a total of 508 365 responses. It was found that, besides the individual sensitivity of the rats, the response rate was not a simple function of quantity of charge, and that within each stimulus parameter combination a threshold value for each parameter had to be reached. Selective parameter combinations produced predictable response rates in spite of some contrast effects evoked, within each session, by randomisation of the stimulus parameter combinations according to a latin square design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404130
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracranial self-stimulation in rats as a function of various stimulus parameters (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 34 (1974), S. 265-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Rats ; Self-Stimulation ; Medial Forebrain Bundle ; Monopolar Electrodes ; Various Stimulus Parameter Combinations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of various subcutaneous doses (0.16, 0.31, 0.63, 1.25 and 2.50 mg/kg) of amphetamine on self-stimulation in rats, with monopolar nichrome electrodes, implanted in the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus, were studied. Six different stimulus parameter combinations (SPC), inducing different predictable response rates, were used. Response stimulation as well as response inhibition were measured at the same dose levels in the same rats and during the same experimental session. At each dose level of amphetamine response stimulation was more pronounced than response depression. The response depression was dose-related and the response stimulation reached a peak at 0.63 mg/kg. The response depression was directly related and the response stimulation inversely related to the control response rate, obtained with the different SPC's. It is assumed that amphetamine enhanced self-stimulation by lowering the threshold at the synaptic level and by increasing catecholamine release at neurons mediating motivational properties and reinforcement. Inhibition of the response rate at high doses of amphetamine can be attributed to non-specific motor stimulation interfering with performance efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421967
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracranial self-stimulation in rats as a function of various stimulus parameters (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 30 (1973), S. 163-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Apomorphine ; Rats ; Self-Stimulation ; Medial Forebrain Bundle ; Monopolar Electrodes ; Various Stimulus Parameter Combinations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different subcutaneous doses (0.08, 0.16, 0.31, 0.63 and 1.25 mg/kg) of apomorphine on self-stimulation in rats, with monopolar nichrome electrodes, implanted in the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus were studied. Six different selected stimulus parameter combinations inducing different predictable response rates were used. Apomorphine was found to produce a dose-related response stimulation and a dose-related response depression. The highest stimulation was obtained at 0.63 mg/kg, the highest depression at 1.25 mg/kg. The response stimulation with apomorphine was 1. inversely related to the control response rate, i.e. the higher the control response rate, the lower the response stimulation after apomorphine and vice versa, 2. directly related to the control response rate of the individual rats, i.e. the highest response stimulation was obtained with the most sensitive rat and vice versa. The response inhibition with apomorphine was not related to the control response rates but was more pronounced during the first 1/2 h of the session. It is postulated that 1. increased self-stimulation with apomorphine could be the result of an increased motor response output; 2. decreased self-stimulation with apomorphine could be due to non-adaptive behaviour as a result of non-physiological overexcitation with interruption of integrated behaviour; 3. a complex behavioural pattern like intracranial self-stimulation depends on different interacting systems, mediated by different transmitters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421431
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracranial self-stimulation in rats as a function of various stimulus parameters (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 27 (1972), S. 191-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Neuroleptics ; Rats ; Self-Stimulation ; Medial Forebrain ; Bundle ; Monopolar Electrodes ; Various Stimulus Parameter Combinations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Haloperidol, pimozide and pipamperone, three neuroleptics each with a different pharmacological and clinical profile were injected in rats with monopolar nichrome electrodes implanted in the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus. Six different selected stimulus parameter combinations were used, two producing a predictable low response rate, two a predictable high response rate and two a response rate varying from low to high and less predictable. Each rat received four doses of the three compounds. A dose-related inhibition was found with all compounds in all rats and at all stimulus parameter combinations. The ED50's estimated graphically for the three compounds are: haloperidol: 0.055 mg/kg, pimozide: 0.220 mg/kg and pipamperone: 19.8 mg/kg. Overall drug effects indicate an inverse log-normal linear relationship between the quantitity of charge and the percentage of inhibition in response rate. This corresponds with a high inhibition at low response rates and vice versa, except that stimulus parameter combinations with lower frequencies are somewhat more sensitive to drug effects than those with higher frequencies. At the highest doses of the three compounds an almost equally high inhibition rate for all stimulus parameter combinations is obtained. The results obtained with neuroleptics in self-stimulation are compared to those obtained with different learned behavioural reactions and it is assumed that neuroleptics interfere with a general system involved in the output of stereotyped learned behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422799
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracranial self-stimulation in rats as a function of various stimulus parameters (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 38 (1974), S. 201-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Rats ; Self-Stimulation ; Medial Forebrain Bundle ; Various Stimulus Parameter Combinations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different subcutaneous doses of cocaine (0.63, 1.25, 2.50, 5.00 and 10.0 mg/kg) on self-stimulation in rats were studied. Monopolar nichrome electrodes were implanted in the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus. Six different stimulus parameter combinations (SPC's), inducing different predictable response rates were used. Cocaine showed a dose-related response stimulation, the highest at 10 mg/kg (49.7%); the response depression was very low at all doses and ranged from 3.20–8.23%. In the described experimental conditions apomorphine, amphetamine and cocaine have some properties in common but there are also important differences. With the three compounds response stimulation is related to the total control response rates at the different SPC's and is the highest at the two SPCs inducing the lowest control response rate. The differences in response stimulation associated with low intensity and low frequency SPC's could be related to a different mechanism of action. The response depression, the highest with apomorphine and the lowest with cocaine seems to be related to the stereotype inducing property of the compounds. The obtained effects of the three compounds are discussed in terms of their possible different influence on the dopaminergic system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421372
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioural activity of rats measured by a new method based on the piezo-electric principle (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 382-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Motor activity ; Locomotion ; Behaviour ; Methods ; Haloperidol ; Apomorphine ; Amphetamine ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spontaneous and drug-induced (haloperidol, apomorphine, and amphetamine) motor activity of rats was measured simultaneously via two distinct and independent methods: the classical optical scanning technique and a new procedure based on the piezo-electric principle. The latter procedure measured animal-induced mechanical vibrations of a flexible cage floor which were transduced into electric signals via piezo-electricity. The piezo method appeared to be relatively more sensitive in recording the small, stereotyped motor movements induced by apomorpine (0.63–≧10 mg/kg) and high doses of amphetamine (2.5–≧20 mg/kg). The optical scanning technique, on the other hand, was more sensitive in recording horizontal displacements across the cage such as induced by low doses of amphetamine (0.31–2.5 mg/kg). Both methods showed comparable sensitivity in recording the depression of behaviour induced by haloperidol (0.04–≧1.25 mg/kg) or low doses of apomorphine (0.04–0.16 mg/kg). The piezo method may complement the optical scanning procedure, and thereby enhance the information on the extent that test compounds modify animal behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187261
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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