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  • Small intestine  (7)
  • Autonomic nervous system  (5)
  • Calbindin  (5)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Substance P enteric neurons mediate non-colinergic transmission to the circular muscle of the guinea-pig intestine (1985)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 328 (1985), S. 446-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Substance P ; Enteric neurons ; Autonomic nervous system
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The sites of action and possible roles of substance P in contracting the circular muscle of the guinea-pig ileum were studied using two analogues of substance P that act as antagonists of some of its actions. These ared-Arg1,d-Pro2,d-Trp7,9, Leu11-substance P andd-Pro2,d-Trp7,9-substance P, referred to by the single letter amino acid codes for the substituting amino acids as (RPWWL)-SP and (PWW)-SP, respectively. Records of circular muscle activity were taken from strips of intestine free of mucosa and submucosa and from rings with all layers of intestine intact. Substance P was equally effective in contracting the circular muscle strips as it was in contracting the longitudinal muscle. The contractions of strips were not blocked by hyoscine (2×10−6 M) or tetrodotoxin (6×10−7 M), but were substantially reduced by (RPWWL)-SP (6.7×10−6 M) or (PWW)-SP (2×10−5 M). In contrast, contractions of the circular muscle of whole rings of intestine elicited by low concentrations of substance P (4×10−7M) were blocked by hyoscine or tetrodotoxin but notreduced by the substance P antagonists in the concentrations referred to above. These observations indicate that the antagonists are effective at receptors for substance P on the muscle, but not at substance P receptors on enteric cholinergic nerves. Transmural stimulation of strips of circular muscle or of intestinal rings in the presence of hyoscine evoked contractions that were blocked by tetrodotoxin. These hyoscineresistant, nerve-mediated contractions could be elicited by single pulses in the strips. The contractions were reduced to less than 20% of original amplitude by (RPWWL)-SP (6.7×10−6M). Reflex contractions of the circular muscle recorded on the oral side of a distension stimulus had a low-threshold, hyoscine-sensitive and a high-threshold, hyoscine-insensitive, component. The low threshold component was unaffected by the substance P antagonists whereas the high threshold component was depressed. It is concluded that substance P nerves are effective in transmitting to the circular muscle, that they are final nerves in non-cholinergic excitatory reflexes, and that the substance P antagonist analogues can be used to distinguish actions of substance P at neural and muscle receptors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692914
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evidence for two types of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor on secretomotor neurons of the guinea-pig ileum (1989)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 339 (1989), S. 409-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Enteric nervous system ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Electrolyte transport ; Small intestine ; Secretomotor neurons
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Flat sheet preparations of the mucosa plus submucosa from the guinea-pig ileum were placed in Ussing chambers so that short circuit currrent (I sc), an index of electrolyte movement across the mucosa, could be measured. In these preparations, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) increasesI sc indirectly by stimulating both cholinergic and non-cholinergic secretomotor neurons. The 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ICS 205–930 (10−13–10−5 M), substantially depressed the secretory response due to 5-HT (10−6 M), but not that produced by direct activation of muscarinic receptors on the mucosal epithelium with carbachol (10−6 M), or by stimulation of secretomotor neurons with substance P (10−8 M) or 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (10−5 M). The residual response to 5-HT, after the addition of a maximally effective concentration of ICS 205–930 (10−6 M), was further reduced by hyoscine (10−7M). When that part of the 5-HT response attributable to the release of acetylcholine was blocked by hyoscine (10−7M), ICS 205–930 did not further modify the response to 5-HT. The hyoscine-resistant component was, however, sustantially depressed by tetrodotoxin (3.5 × 10−7 M). The response remaining after ICS 205–930 and hyoscine was not affected by methysergide (2 × 10− 5 M) or cyproheptadine (10−7 M). We conclude that there are ICS 205–930 sensitive 5-HT receptors on cholinergic secretomotor neurons, and ICS 205–930, methysergide, and cyproheptadine insensitive 5-HT receptors on non-cholinergic secretomotor neurons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00736055
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evidence that axons containing substance P in the guinea-pig ileum are of intrinsic origin (1979)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 307 (1979), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Substance P ; Intestine ; Autonomic nervous system ; Peptidergic nerves
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Acid extracts from both normal and extrinsically denervated ileum contained a compound which was indistinguishable from synthetic substance P; this compound was assayed by examining its contractile effect on the longitudinal muscle of segments of ileum in which receptors for acetylcholine and histamine were blocked. Contractions caused by the compound were markedly and selectively antagonized when the ileum was made insensitive to the action of substance P. The activities in the extract and of synthetic substance P were both destroyed by chymotrypsin but were not affected by trypsin or carboxypeptidase B. The concentrations of substance P-like material in normal and extrinsically denervated segments were not significantly different, being equivalent to 0.48 μg of substance P per g of external muscle plus myenteric plexus. A compound with substance P-like activity was liberated by stimulation of intramural nerves, either electrically or by dimethylphenylpiperazinium, in both normal and extrinsically denervated segments of ileum. The release of this compound was prevented by tetrodotoxin and its action on the muscle was blocked when the ileum was made insensitive to the action of substance P. Experiments with transmural stimulation showed that excitatory nerve pathways involving substance P neurons extend for less than 4 cm along the intestine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00506552
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The origins of the adrenergic fibres which innervate the internal anal sphincter, the rectum, and other tissues of the pelvic region in the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 129-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Autonomic nervous system ; Adrenergic nerves ; Pelvic viscera ; Gastrointestinal tract
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the pelvic viscera was examined by the fluorescence histochemical technique, applied to tissue from untreated guinea-pigs and from guinea-pigs in which nerve pathways had been interrupted at operation. It was found that adrenergic neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglia give rise to axons which run in the colonic nerves and end in the myenteric and submucous plexuses and around the arteries of the distal colon. In the rectum, part of the innervation of the myenteric plexus and all of the innervation of the submucous plexus comes from the inferior mesenteric ganglia. The rest of the adrenergic innervation of the myenteric plexus comes from the posterior pelvic ganglia or the sacral sympathetic chains. The innervation of the blood vessels of the rectum is from the posterior pelvic ganglia. Adrenergic nerves run from the sacral sympathetic chains and pass via nerves accompanying the rectal arteries to the internal anal sphincter. Other adrenergic fibres to the internal anal sphincter either arise in, or pass through, the posterior pelvic plexuses. The anal accessory muscle is innervated by adrenergic axons arising in the posterior pelvic plexuses. Adrenergic nerves which run in the pudendal nerves, probably from the sacral sympathetic chains, innervate the erectile tissue of the penis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520326
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Observations on the anatomy and amine histochemistry of the nerves and ganglia which supply the pelvic viscera and on the associated chromaffin tissue in the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 85-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Autonomic nervous system ; Adrenergic nerves ; Chromaffin cells ; Pelvic viscera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The organs of the lower abdominal and pelvic regions of the guinea-pig receive nerves from the inferior mesenteric ganglia and pelvic plexuses. The inferior mesenteric ganglia connect with the sympathetic chains, the superior mesenteric ganglia, the pelvic plexuses via the hypogastric nerves, and with the gut. Each pelvic plexus consists of anterior and posterior parts which send filaments to the internal generative organs and to the rectum, internal anal sphincter and other pelvic organs. The pelvic nerves enter the posterior plexuses, which also receive rami from the sacral sympathetic chains. The adrenergic neurons of the pelvic plexuses are monopolar, do not have dendrites and are supplied by few varicose adrenergic axons. Nearly all the nerves contain adrenergic fibres. After exposure to formaldehyde vapour the chromaffin cells appear brightly fluorescent with one or two long, often varicose, processes. Most of the chromaffin cells are in Zuckerkandl's organ or in chromaffin bodies associated with the inferior mesenteric ganglia. Groups of chromaffin cells are found along the hypogastric nerves and in the pelvic plexuses; they become smaller and fewer as regions more posterior to Zuckerkandl's organ are approached.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520720
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The ramifications of adrenergic nerve terminals in the rectum, anal sphincter and anal accessory muscles of the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 109-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Autonomic nervous system ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Adrenergic nerves ; Anal sphincter
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The anatomy and the adrenergic innervation of the rectum, internal anal sphincter and of accessory structures are described for the guinea-pig. The distribution of adrenergic nerves was examined using the fluorescence histochemical technique applied to both sections and whole mount preparations. The longitudinal and circular muscle of the rectum and the muscularis mucosae are all supplied by adrenergic nerve terminals. The density of the adrenergic innervation of the muscularis externa increases towards the anal sphincter. There is a very dense innervation of the internal anal sphincter, of the anal accessory muscles and of the corrugator ani. Non-fluorescent neurons in the ganglia of the myenteric plexus are supplied by adrenergic terminals. The ganglia become smaller and sparser towards the internal anal sphincter and non-ganglionated nerve strands containing adrenergic axons run from the plexus to the sphincter muscle. Adrenergic fibers innervate two interconnected ganglionated plexuses in the submucosa. Very few adrenergic nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus and they were not found at all in the submucosa. The extrinsic arteries and veins of the pelvic region are heavily innervated by adrenergic nerves. Within the gut wall the arteries are densely innervated but there is little or no innervation of the veins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520721
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Changes in surviving nerve fibers associated with submucosal arteries following extrinsic denervation of the small intestine (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 647-656 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neuropeptides ; Vascular innervation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Small intestine ; Guinea pig
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The neuropeptide content of nerve fibers associated with submucosal arteries in the small intestine of guinea pigs was studied in whole-mount preparations using immunohistochemical methods. Tissues were obtained from normal animals or animals in which the small intestine had been extrinsically denervated. In normal animals, submucosal arteries are innervated by extrinsic sensory nerve fibers which contain both substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, and by sympathetic noradrenergic nerve fibers. In preparations obtained from animals 5–9 days after denervation, nerve fibers which contained substance P without detectable calcitonin gene-related peptide were associated with a few submucosal arteries. Nerve fibers which contained vasoactive intestinal peptide were also associated with some arteries. By 42–48 days after extrinsic denervation, substance P-containing fibers (without calcitonin gene-related peptide) and vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing fibers were associated with nearly every blood vessel. The extrinsic sympathetic nerve fibers did not regenerate during the course of this study. The nerve fibers associated with submucosal arteries in denervated tissues were not sensitive to capsaicin treatment. The alteration in the innervation of submucosal arterioles that follows extrinsic denervation of the gut may reflect either an increase in the neuropeptide content of the fibers, synthesis of a new peptide, or an increase in the number of fibers as a result of axonal sprouting.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219756
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sources of inputs to longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons in the guinea-pig small intestine (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 549-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Enteric nervous system ; Immunocytochemistry ; Calretinin ; Calbindin ; Bombesin ; Small intestine ; Guinea-pig
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. Light- and electron-microscopic studies were used to investigate connections between specific subgroups of neurons in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine. Inputs to two classes of calretinin-immunoreactive (IR) nerve cells, longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons, were examined. Inputs from calbindin-IR primary sensory neurons and from three classes of descending interneurons were studied. Electron-microscopic analysis showed that calbindin-IR axons formed two types of inputs, synapses and close contacts, on calretinin-IR neurons. About 40% of inputs to the longitudinal muscle motor neurons and 70% to ascending interneurons were calbindin-IR. Approximately 50% of longitudinal muscle motor neurons were surrounded by bombesin-IR dense pericellular baskets and 40% by closely apposed varicosities. At the electron-microscope level, the bombesin-IR varicosities were found to form synapses and close contacts with the motor neurons. Dense pericellular baskets with bombesin-IR surrounded 36% of all ascending interneurons, and a further 17% had closely apposed varicosities. Somatostatin- and 5-HT-IR descending interneurons provided no dense pericellular baskets to calretinin-IR nerve cells. Thus, calretinin-IR, longitudinal muscle motor neurons and ascending interneurons receive direct synaptic inputs from intrinsic primary sensory neurons and from non-cholinergic, bombesin-IR, descending interneurons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318359
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Distribution of enteric nerve cells projecting to the superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 271 (1993), S. 333-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Enteric nervous system ; Prevertebral ganglia ; Retrograde tracing ; Calbindin ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ; Intestine ; Guinea-pig
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Retrograde tracing, using Fast Blue dye, was employed to determine the distribution of enteric nerve cells that project to the superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig. Retrogradely labelled neurons were found in the myenteric but not submucous ganglia. When the superior mesenteric ganglion was injected, labelled neurons were found in low frequencies (less than 5 nerve cell bodies/cm2) in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and proximal colon. The distal colon was analysed in five segments of equal length (1–5; oral to anal). Segment 1 had about 4 labelled nerve cells/cm2, whereas segments 2 to 5 displayed an average of about 25 nerve cells/cm2. The rectum contained about 36 labelled neurons/cm2. After injection of the inferior mesenteric ganglia with Fast Blue, no labelled neurons were found in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum or caecum. No labelled cells were observed in the gallbladder. A small number of labelled cells occurred in the proximal colon and in segment 1 of the distal colon. The frequency of labelled cells increased markedly in the more anal regions of the distal colon, and reached a peak in the rectum (138 cells/cm2). Both nerve lesions and immersion of the cut nerve in Fast Blue solution showed that the superior mesenteric nerve carries the axons of neurons located in the middle distal colon to the superior mesenteric ganglion. Almost half of the neurons in the rectum that project to the inferior mesenteric ganglia do so via the hypogastric nerves. Of neurons that projected to the inferior or superior mesenteric ganglia from the colon or rectum, similar proportions (about 75–80%) showed immunoreactivity for calbindin or VIP. For each of the prevertebral ganglia (coeliac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric) the great majority of peripheral inputs arise from the large intestine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318620
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Distribution of pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) immunoreactivity in neurons of the guinea-pig digestive tract and their projections in the ileum and colon (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 385-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) ; Small intestine ; Large intestine ; Enteric nervous system ; Dorsal root ganglia ; Guinea-pig
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) is a novel hypothalamic peptide that is widely distributed in neurons, including those of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, a polyclonal antiserum directed against PACAP-27 was used to investigate the localisation of PACAP throughout the gut and to determine the projections of PACAP-immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the guinea-pig small and large intestines. PACAP-IR fibres were seen in the myenteric and submucous plexuses, in the longitudinal and circular muscle layers and around blood vessels of the submucosa throughout the gut. In both the small and large intestine, PACAP-IR cell bodies, most with Dogiel type-I morphology, were seen in the myenteric ganglia following colchicine treatment. Lesion studies (myotomy and myectomy operations) revealed that PACAP-IR interneurons projected anally in the ileum and colon. Myectomy operations resulted in a loss of PACAP-IR fibres in the circular muscle under the operation, whereas PACAP-IR fibres remained in the submucosa and around blood vessels. Following extrinsic denervation of the ileum, the number of PACAP-IR fibres in the submucosal ganglia and around blood vessels decreased. This suggests that a portion of PACAP-IR fibres supplying the submucosal ganglia and blood vessels have an extrinsic source. To investigate this, immunohistochemical studies were performed on sympathetic and dorsal root ganglia. Numerous reactive cells were seen in the dorsal root ganglia, but none was seen in sympathetic pre- or paravertebral ganglia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318496
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