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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 350-353 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Alcohol ; Tolerance ; Blood-alcohol curve ; Acute recovery ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three groups of male social drinkers were trained on a pursuit rotor task, and subsequently performed the task during five weekly drinking sessions under the same dose (0.83 ml absolute alcohol/kg). During sessions 1–4, group R (N=10) performed six trials on the task during rising blood-alcohol concentrations (BAC). Group F (N=10) performed the same number of trials at comparable falling BAC. Group C (N=5) received three trials at similar BAC during the rising and the falling portions of the alcohol curve. All groups displayed impaired performance on session 1. By session 4, tolerance was evident in groups C and F, but group R remained impaired. The consequences of these different practice treatments were examined in session 5, where all groups performed the task on the rising and the falling limb of the BAC curve. Groups C and F displayed tolerance on both limbs of the curve whereas the R group was impaired on both. Significant acute recovery was evident in the performance of groups F and R, but not in group C. The evidence was considered to support the hypothesis that a compensatory response, which is strengthened by practice, underlies acute recovery and tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Angeborene Herzfehler ; Fetale Autopsie ; Autopsiemethode ; Pränatale Diagnostik ; Keywords Congenital heart defects ; Fetal autopsy ; Autopsy method ; Prenatal diagnostics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract As a result of the quality of prenatal ultrasound and the expanded experience of prenatal diagnosticians, it is possible to observe congenital heart malformations in increasingly greater detail and at an ever earlier stage of gestation [4]. Since it is on the basis of ultrasound findings that decisions to terminate pregnancies are made, it is of cardinal importance that after termination monitoring and confirmation of the prenatal diagnosis be carried out. This need can only be adequately met by autopsy. There are different methods for carrying out autopsies when there is suspicion of a congenital heart defect: a) the Anderson sequential segmental analysis as modified according to the Berlin method; b) use of a special autoptic method corresponding to the ultrasound findings, based on defining a preferred sectional plane; c) stereo-microscopically; or d) microscopically after embedding and preparation of serial microscopic sections. For the pathologist the consequence is that he has to adapt his autopsy method to the ultrasound findings and the age of the fetus. This enables him to determine an optimal, case-based autopsy strategy for each type of cardiac defect, which is essential for monitoring of the prenatal diagnosis. The present paper discusses the various autoptic methods used in cases of congenital heart malformations and the consequences for the pathologist of the continuing improvements in prenatal diagnostics.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aufgrund der Qualität der Untersuchungsergebnisse des pränatalen Ultraschalls und der gestiegenen Erfahrungen in der Pränataldiagnostik, lassen sich angeborene Herzfehler detaillierter und in immer früheren Schwangerschaftswochen darstellen [4]. Da auf der Basis der Ultraschallbefunde Entscheidungen über die Beendigung von Schwangerschaften getroffen werden, besteht nach vollzogener Beendigung der Schwangerschaft, ein starkes Bedürfnis nach Kontrolle und Bestätigung der pränatalen Diagnostik. Dies kann erschöpfend nur durch die Sektion befriedigt werden. Angeborene Herzfehler können mit verschiedenen Methoden seziert werden: a) nach der Anderson-Segmentanalyse, modifiziert nach der Berliner-Methode, b) nach einer speziellen Sektionstechnik entsprechend der Ultraschallbefunde mit Festlegung einer pathologisch-anatomischen Vorzugsschnittebene, c) stereomikroskopisch oder d) mikroskopisch nach Einbettung und Aufarbeitung in Serienschnitten. Die Konsequenz, die sich daraus für den Pathologen ergibt ist, dass er seine Sektionstechnik in Abhängigkeit von Ultraschallbefund und Alter des Fetus anpassen und festlegen muss. Somit kann eine adäquate fallabhängige Autopsiestrategie für jeden speziellen Herzfehler festgelegt werden, die für die Qualitätskontrolle der pränatalen Diagnostik unerlässlich ist. In dem folgenden Beitrag werden verschiedene Sektionstechniken bei angeborenen Herzfehlern analysiert und die sich aus den derzeitigen Ergebnissen der pränatalen Diagnostik ableitenden Konsequenzen für Pathologen, dargestellt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 61 (1979), S. 287-291 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behaviour ; Alcohol ; Tolerance ; Acute recovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two groups of male social drinkers were trained on a coding and pursuit rotor (PR) task, and then were tested on these two tasks under either alcohol (0.88 ml 94.6% alcohol/kg) or placebo. These treatments were repeated four times at weekly intervals, with similar blood alcohol concentrations (BAC, P〉0.50) attained on all sessions (mean peak=0.082%). Drug-free coding and PR, tested prior to each drinking session, revealed no group differences or change during the course of the experiment. On initial drinking sessions, coding was disrupted (P〈0.02) at rising BAC levels where PR failed to reveal impairment (P〉0.50). However, immediately after peak BAC was reached, acute recovery was evident in coding at a falling BAC were PR remained impaired (P〈0.01). These differences in impairment between tasks on the two limbs of the BAC curve suggested that conflicting evidence on the sensitivity of various tasks to alcohol effects may be obtained when studies examine task performance without respect to the limb of the BAC curve. Coding and PR also were differently affected by repeated exposure to alcohol. At later drinking sessions, tolerance was evident in coding, but the impairment in PR remained (P〈0.01). Since the task that recovered more swiftly from a single dose of alcohol also revealed faster development of tolerance, it was suggested that the phenomena of acute recovery and tolerance may be positively correlated, and different for different types of tasks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 90-93 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Mental rehearsal ; Classical conditioning ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four groups of six male social drinkers learned a motor skill task and then drank the same dose of ethanol (0.62 g/kg) during each of five drinking sessions. Sessions 1 and 5 provided pre- and posttreatment measures of ethanol effects on task performance. During treatment sessions 2 to 4, two groups mentally rehearsed (MR) the task after drinking, either in the same test environment (MRSE) or in an entirely different environment resembling a library (MRDE). The other two groups received no MR after consuming ethanol, and simply performed an auditory detection task, either in the same test room (NMRSE) or in the different room (NMRDE). Posttreatment impairment of task performance under ethanol revealed significant main effects of mental rehearsal (P=0.04) and environment (P=0.04). The MRSE group was least impaired (i.e., most tolerant), and the NMRDE group was most impaired. Thus, repeated mental rehearsal and repeated exposure to the same test environment under ethanol each facilitated behavioral tolerance to ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 289-296 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Tolerance ; Alcohol ; Response expectancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews research on tolerance developed by task practice under alcohol, and concludes that tolerance in such a situation is influenced by the environmental consequence of drug-compensatory performance. Analysis of the evidence proposes that a learned association between the response and its consequence results in a response expectancy. When the consequence of drug-compensatory performance is more valuable, more tolerance is displayed. Support for this learning analysis is provided by some recent alcohol research indicating that response expectancies affecting tolerance can also be acquired by mental rehearsal of performance and its outcome under drug. Further, these response expectancies may be acquired during the course of a single drug dose, and may alter the display of acute tolerance to alcohol. Additional theoretical predictions are discussed, and the possible social and clinical relevance of the evidence is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 49 (1976), S. 167-172 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Taste aversions ; Barbiturates ; Amobarbital ; d-Amphetamine ; Tolerance ; Habituation ; Drug-stimuli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Taste aversions are induced by a variety of psychotropic drugs. In the present experiments taste aversions induced by the barbiturate hypnotic drug, amobarbital, were dramatically reduced by prior exposure to the drug. Increasing numbers of pre-exposures were associated with larger reductions in taste aversions. Reductions in sleeping time (a widely accepted measure of tolerance to barbiturate drugs) were not correlated with reductions in taste aversions. Taste aversions induced by amobarbital were also impaired following pre-exposure to the pharmacologically dissimilar drug d-amphetamine. These results suggest that reduced taste aversions following pre-exposure to drugs may reflect habituation to drug-related stimuli and not solely the development of tolerance to those drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alder ; Allelopathy ; Frankia ; Juglone ; Root nodules ; Tolerance ; Walnut
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In vitro growth (total protein content) of 5Frankia isolates was significantly inhibited at 10−4 M juglone (5-hydroxy-1, 4-napthoquinone) concentration, but the degree of inhibition varied with theFrankia isolate. Isolates fromAlnus crispa [Alnus viridis ssp.crispa (Ait.) Turril] were most tolerant of 10−4 M juglone relative to controls, while an isolate fromPurshia tridentata (Pursh.) D.C. was most inhibited, displaying a dramatic decrease in growth and greatly altered morphology. Nodulation of black alder [Alnus glutinosa L. (Gaertn.)] in an amended prairie soil inoculated with aFrankia isolate from red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) was significantly decreased by the addition of aqueous suspensions of 10−3 M and 10−4 M juglone. This decrease was partially independent of decreased plant growth. The addition of an equal volume of sand to the soil mixture further decreased nodulation of black alder.Frankia inoculation of the soil mixtures significantly increased the total number of nodules formed per seedling, and the degree of differences in seedling nodulation owing to juglone and soil treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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