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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 29 (1973), S. 21-32 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Sleeplessness ; Arousal ; Haloperidol ; Anti-Parkinsonism Drugs ; Trihexyphenidyl ; Benztropine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten acute and seven chronic schizophrenics were longitudinally investigated in two separate double-blind studies. In both studies, after a ‘washout and settling in’ period of two or more weeks, the patients were placed on placebo for about a month and then on individualized dosages of haloperidol for four months. During the haloperidol periods, the acute patients received two three-week courses of benztropine and the chronic patients, a single two-week course of trihexyphenidyl. The anti-Parkinsonism drugs were given non-blind. Nine times every night, the patients were rated for sleeplessness, and once every week they were rated for psychopathology. The results indicated that marked, predominantly early night sleeplessness was present in the patients studied. The acute subjects were more sleepless than the chronics but the pattern of sleeplessness was similar. The degree of sleeplessness seemed related to total psychopathology, hallucinations and thought disorder. No relationship was found with affective symptoms. Haloperidol reduced sleeplessness promptly and had the effect of normalizing sleep in these patients. Concurrently used anti-Parkinsonism medication seemed to have the opposite effect in chronic patients. These data did not support the notion that haloperidol was a “stimulating” neuroleptic, and the general distinction made between “activating” and “sedative” neuroleptics was questioned. It was suggested that the “stimulating” effect noticed with some neuroleptics may be attributable to the anti-Parkinsonism drugs often used with them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric heaters ; body currents ; SARs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Data are presented on ankle-specific SARs and foot currents as a function of strengths of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields encountered by operators of dielectric heaters. The determination of foot currents was based on near-field exposures in which reactive coupling dominates, and which can result in substantial SARs in exposed workers. The operators were located less than one wavelength from - usually within one meter of - the dielectric heaters, which generated fields at frequencies from 6.5 to 65 MHz. At distances normally assumed by workers, maximal strengths of electric fields ranged from 104 to 2.4 × 106 V2/m2; maximal strengths of magnetic fields ranged from 5.0 × 10-3 to 33.3 A2/m2. Currents through both feet to ground were measured while operators stood where they normally worked. Maximal currents ranged from 3 to 617 mA, rms. Nearly 27 percent of the dielectric heaters induced foot currents that exceeded the 200-mA limit that has been proposed for a new ANSI C95.1 standard. Twenty percent of the heaters induced foot currents that exceeded 350 mA. SARs in ankles were calculated from foot currents, and they approximated 5 W/kg at 100 mA, 29 W/kg at 250 mA, and 57 W/kg at 350 mA. The maximal SAR in the ankle was ∼ 176 W/kg at 617 mA. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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