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  • Chemical Engineering  (19)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (8)
  • Canada  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 29-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Canada ; cancer etiology ; case-control study ; cohort study ; dietary fiber ; vitamin A ; vitamin C ; vitamin E
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Risk of breast cancer was examined in relation to intake of dietary fiber and vitamins A, C, and E, and food groups which are sources of these dietary constituents, in a cohort of 56,837 women enrolled in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study. Between 1982 and 1987, 519 incident, histologically confirmed cases of breast cancer were identified among women who previously had completed self-administered dietary questionnaires. Their nutrient and food intake was compared with that of 1,182 women who had not developed breast cancer during the follow-up period. Women at the uppermost quintile level of dietary fiber intake had a 30 percent reduction in risk of breast cancer relative to that for women at the lowest quintile level (adjusted odds ratio = 0.68,95 percent confidence interval = 0.46–1.00), and the reduction in risk persisted after adjustment (separately) for total vitamin A, β-carotene, vitamin C, and α-tocopherol. Inverse associations of similar magnitude were observed in association with consumption of pasta, cereals (the trend for which was statistically significant), and vegetables rich in vitamins A and C. Smaller, statistically nonsignificant reductions in risk were observed with increasing intake of dietary retinol, β-carotene, and vitamin C, but the magnitude of these associations was reduced after adjustment for other dietary factors. Vitamin E intake was not associated with altered risk of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051711
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary factors and risk of prostate cancer: a case-control study in Ontario, Canada (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 145-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Canada ; case-control study ; diet ; males ; prostate cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The relationship between risk of prostate cancer and dietary intake of energy, fat, vitamin A, and other nutrients was investigated in a case-control study conducted in Ontario, Canada. Cases were men with a recent, histologically confirmed diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate notified to the Ontario Cancer Registry between April 1990 and April 1992. Controls were selected randomly from assessment lists maintained by the Ontario Ministry of Revenue, and were frequency-matched to the cases on age. The study included 207 cases (51.4 percent of those eligible) and 207 controls (39.4 percent of those eligible), and information on dietary intake was collected from them by means of a quantitative diet history. There was a positive association between energy intake and risk of prostate cancer, such that men at the uppermost quartile level of energy intake had a 75 percent increase in risk. In contrast, there was no clear association between the non-energy effects of total fat and monounsaturated fat intake and prostate cancer risk. There was some evidence for an inverse association with saturated fat intake, although the dose-response pattern was irregular. There was a weak (statistically nonsignificant) positive association between polyunsaturated fat intake and risk of prostate cancer. Relatively high levels of retinol intake were associated with reduced risk, but there was essentially no association between dietary β-carotene intake and risk. There was no alteration in risk in association with dietary fiber, cholesterol, and vitamins C and E. Although these patterns were evident both overall and within age-strata, and persisted after adjustment for a number of potential confounding factors, they could reflect (in particular) the effect of nonrespondent bias.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052775
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A case-cohort study of diet and risk of benign proliferative epithelial disorders of the breast (Canada) (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Canada ; diet ; benign breast disease ; breast cancer ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case-cohort analysis of the association between diet and risk of benign proliferative epithelial disorders (BPED) of the breast was undertaken within a cohort of 56,537 women who were enrolled in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (NBSS) and who completed a self-administered dietary questionnaire. (The NBSS is a randomized controlled trial of screening for breast cancer in women aged 40 to 59 years.) BPED are thought to have premalignant potential. Specific hypotheses were that risk of BPED would increase with increasing energy-adjusted fat intake and decrease with increasing energy-adjusted vitamin A and fiber intake. Additionally, we explored the association between calcium intake and risk of BPED. During the active follow-up phase of the NBSS, 657 women in the dietary cohort were diagnosed with biopsy-confirmed incident BPED. For comparative purposes, a subcohort consisting of a random sample of 5,581 women was selected from the full dietary cohort. After exclusions for various reasons, the analyses were based on 545 cases and 4,921 non-cases. Overall, the results were almost uniformly null, and provided little support for the study hypotheses. Rate ratios (95 percent confidence intervals [CI]) for the highest cf the lowest quintile levels for total fat, retinol, β-carotene, fiber, and calcium were 0.88 (CI = 0.65-1.20), 0.97 (CI = 0.71-1.31), 0.94 (CI = 0.70-1.27), 1.11 (CI = 0.82-1.50), and 0.81 (CI = 0.60-1.07), respectively. There were too few cases of atypical BPED for meaningful analysis, but results for those whose BPED showed no atypia were similar to the overall results. Further analyses conducted separately in the screened and control arms of the NBSS also failed to provide strong support for dietary associations, as did those conducted separately for screen-detected and interval-detected BPED.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008841118358
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further experimental studies of the disulfide folding transition of ribonuclease A (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 4 (1988), S. 251-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein folding kinetics ; disulfide bonds ; thiol-disulfide exchange ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Two very different mechanisms of folding have been proposed from experimental studies of disulfide formation in reduced ribonuclease A. (1) A pathway in which the rate-limiting step separates fully folded protein from all other disulfide intermediates and occurs solely in three-disulfide intermediates. (2) A multiple pathway mechanism with different rate-limiting steps for each pathway. The various rate-limiting steps involve disulfide breakage, formation, and rearrangement in intermediates with one, two, three, and four protein disulfides. To distinguish between these two mechanisms, we have carried out further studies of both unfolding and refolding.Refolding of reduced ribonuclease A requires three-disulfide intermediates to accumulate; negligible refolding occurs when only the nearly random one- and two-disulfide intermediate species are populated. Therefore, no rate-limiting steps of the type postulated in mechanism (2) occur in intermediates with one and two protein disulfides. Unfolding and disulfide reduction is an all-or-none process; no disulfide intermediates accumulate to detectable to detectable levels or precede the rate-limiting step. Mechanism (2) requires that such intermediates precede the rate-limiting step and accumulate to substantial levels.The different proposal were shown not to result from the use of different solution conditions or disulfide reagents; the two sets of data are not inconsistent. Instead, the inappropriate mechanism (2) resulted from an incorrect kinetic analysis and misinterpretation of the kinetics of disulfide formation are breakage.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340040404
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of protein conformation on rate of deamidation: Ribonuclease A (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 5 (1989), S. 8-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: ribonuclease A ; protein deamidation ; protein conformation ; disulfide bonds ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of the folded conformation of a protein on the rate of deamidation of a specific asparaginyl residue has been determine. Native and unfolded ribonuclease A (RNase A) could be compared under identical conditions, because stable unfolded protein was generated by breaking irreversibly the protein disulfide bonds.Deamidation of the labile Asn-67 residue of RNase A was followedelectrophoretically and chromatographically. At 80°C, similar rates of deamidation were observed for the disulfidebonded form, which is thermally unfolded, and the reduced form. At 37°C and pH 8, however, the rate of deamidation of native RNase A was negligible, and was more than 30-fold slower than that of reduced, unfolded RNase A. This demonstrates that the Asn-67 residue is located in a local conformation in the native protein that greatly inhibits deamidation. This conformation is the β-turn of residues 66-68.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340050103
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Folding in vitro of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor in the presence of proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 14 (1992), S. 10-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein disulfide isomerase ; disulfide bonds ; protein folding ; chaperones ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The rate of folding and disulfide bond formation in reduced BPTI were measured in vitro in the presence and absence of total protein from the endoplasmic reticulum. The rates were increased substantially by the endoplasmic reticulum proteins, but only to the extent expected from the known content and activity of protein-disulfide-isomerase. No effects of added ATP or Ca2+ were observed, even though protein-disulfide-isomerase blinds Ca2+ tightly. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340140104
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linear oscillations of a drop in uniform alternating electric fields (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1601-1606 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oscillations of a conducting drop immersed in a dielectric fluid in an alternating electric field were modeled to understand the enhancement of transport processes by the electric field. Numerical solutions for oscillation amplitude, velocity distribution, resonant frequency and streamlines were obtained. The effects of viscosity and density on the resonant frequency and the velocity distribution were investigated. It was found that the resonant frequency of viscous fluids was always smaller than the free oscillation frequency of the same droplet. The predicted scanning frequency response curve and the streamlines agree well with the experimental observations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690371102
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TCE degradation in a methanotrophic attached-film bioreactor (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 42 (1993), S. 859-872 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: methanotroph ; trichloroethane ; expanded bed ; attached film ; biodegradation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trichloroethene was degraded in expanded-bed bioreactors operated with mixed-culture methanotrophic attached films. Biomass concentrations of 8 to 75 g volatile solids (VS) per liter static bed (Lsb) were observed. Batch TCE degradation rates at 35°C followed the Michaelis-Menten model, and a maximum TCE degradation rate (qmax) of 10.6 mg TCE/gVS · day and a half velocity coefficient (KS) of 2.8 mg TCE/L were predicted. Continuous-flow kinetics also followed the Michaelis-Menten model, but other parameters may be limiting, such as dissolved copper and dissolved methane - qmax and KS were 2.9 mg TCE/gVS · day and 1.5 mg TCE/L, respectively, at low copper concentrations (0.003 to 0.006 mg Cu/L). The maximum rates decreased substantially with small increases in dissolved copper. Methane consumption during continuous-flow operation varied from 23 to 1200 g CH4/g TCE degraded. Increasing the influent dissolved methane concentration from 0.01 mg/L to 5.4 mg/L reduced the TCE degradation rate by nearly an order of magnitude at 21°C. Exposure of biofilms to 1.4 mg/L tetrachloroethene (PCE) at 35°C resulted in the loss of methane utilization ability. Tests with methanotrophs grown on granular activated carbon indicated that lower effluent TCE concentrations could be obtained. The low efficiencies of TCE removal and low degradation rates obtained at 35°C suggest that additional improvements will be necessary to make methanotrophic TCE treatment attractive. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260420711
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of thoroughness of mixing (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 813-813 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140525
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of quasilinearization to methane pyrolysis (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 720-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate constants appearing in differential equations derived from proposed mechanisms for methane pyrolysis were estimated from published integral conversion data. Quasilinearization, capable of fitting the differential equation solutions directly to the integral data and therefore not requiring differentiation or transformations, was used. Since differential equations representing free radical reactions have coefficients varying over many orders of magnitude, implicit numerical integration was used to obtain the numerous particular and homogeneous solutions required in the execution of the algorithm. Convergence was achieved by replacing the concentrations after each iteration with values near the solution at that point and by repeatedly estimating a small number of parameters in a cyclic manner in order to improve starting estimates of all parameters simultaneously. The mechanisms attempted were considered plausible when they led to adequate data fits and reasonable rate constant estimates. The major contribution of the work is that the algorithm is capable of testing a mechanistic model over a relatively wide range of conditions with minimal experimental data.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690200413
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