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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 15 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Cancer prevention is a major component of cancer control, which also comprises screening, treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care. Preventive approaches need to be congruent with those adopted for other chronic diseases, with a major impact in reduction of incidence and mortality of many common cancers to be expected from smoking control and dietary modification. Increasing interest is now being paid to other environmental causes of cancer, and to gene-environment interactions. However, one of the major research needs remains the evaluation of better ways to convince people to make the necessary changes in their lifestyle that will reduce their risk of cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; diet ; reproductive factors ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To assess more precisely the relative risks associated with established risk factors for breast cancer, and whether the association between dietary fat and breast cancer risk varies according to levels of these risk factors, we pooled primary data from six prospective studies in North America and Western Europe in which individual estimates of dietary fat intake had been obtained by validated food-frequency questionnaires. Based on information from 322,647 women among whom 4,827 cases occurred during follow-up: the multivariate-adjusted risk of late menarche (age15 years or more compared with under 12) was 0.72 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.62-0.82); of being postmenopausal was 0.82 (CI=0.69-0.97); of high parity (three or more births compared with none) was 0.72 (CI=0.61-0.86); of late age at first birth (over 30 years of age compared with 20 or under) was 1.46 (CI=1.22-1.75); of benign breast disease was 1.53 (CI=1.41-1.65); of maternal history of breast cancer was 1.38 (CI=1.14-1.67); and history of a sister with breast cancer was 1.47 (CI=1.27-1.70). Greater duration of schooling (more than high-school graduation compared with less than high-school graduation) was associated significantly with higher risk in age-adjusted analyses, but was attenuated after controlling for other risk factors. Total fat intake (adjusted for energy consumption) was not associated significantly with breast cancer risk in any strata of these non-dietary risk factors. We observed a marginally significant interaction between total fat intake and risk of breast cancer according to history of benign breast disease, with fat intake being associated nonsignificantly positively with risk among women with a previous history of benign breast disease; no other significant interactions were observed. Risks for reproductive factors were similar to those observed in case-control studies; relative risks for family history of breast cancer were lower. We found no clear evidence in any subgroups of a major relation between total energy-adjusted fat intake and breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 16 (2000), S. 899-905 
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Diet ; Endometrial cancer ; Macro-nutrients ; Micro-nutrients ; Obesity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the role of nutritional factors in the etiology of endometrial cancer, we performed a case-cohort analysis using data from women enrolled in the National Breast Screening Study in Canada from 1980 to 1985. For this analysis, a subcohort was constructed by selecting a 10% random sample from the 56,837 women in the dietary cohort. Cases were the 221 women diagnosed with incident adenocarcinoma of the endometrium during follow-up to December 31, 1993 and ascertained by record linkage to the Canadian Cancer Database. Information on usual diet at enrolment and other epidemiological variables was collected by means of self-administered questionnaires. Hazard ratios were obtained from proportional hazards regression models, with estimation of robust standard errors. We found a strong association of endometrial cancer with body mass index 〉25 kg/m2 (hazard ratio 2.72, 95% CI: 2.06–3.50). Endometrial cancer risk was not associated significantly with intakes of total energy, carbohydrates, proteins, total fat and major fatty acids, total dietary fiber and various types of fibers, vitamin C, E and A, folic acid, β-carotene, lutein, or cryptoxanthin. Some decrease in risk was noted with relatively high intakes of saturated fat, animal fat or lycopene. The associations observed in the study were independent of total energy intake and most non-dietary risk factors. The study suggests that dietary intakes of energy and most major nutrients are not related to the risk of endometrial cancer among Canadian women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 117 (1991), S. 177-185 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Cancer control ; Breast cancer ; Colorectal cancer ; Primary prevention ; Screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary prevention of cancer requires control of both involuntary and voluntary exposures. Involuntary exposures include carcinogens in air and water, and various forms of radiation. Often these exposures are difficult to characterise individually and difficult to study epidemiologically. Although it is unlikely that they account for more than a small proportion of cancers, it is important that we refine our techniques of study to facilitate their control. Voluntary (lifestyle) exposures are responsible for the majority of cancers. In many developed countries, tobacco accounts for approximately 30% of cancer deaths, and major public health endeavours are justified to reduce this toll. Dietary factors may be as important, with dietary fat the most important risk factor, vegetables and fruits being protective. In several studies, including a cohort study in Canada, dietary fat increases breast cancer risk, though other studies have been negative. The evidence for fat increasing the risk of colorectal is more consistent. Epidemiology has shown that secondary prevention of cancer is applicable by screening for breast cancer with mammography with or without physical examination in women age 50–69, and screening for cervix cancer in women age 25–60 with cervical cytology. Organised screening programmes are essential to ensure that a high proportion of women are screened, and that the tests are high quality with adequate quality control. Under these circumstances screening every 2 years for breast cancer and every 3 years for cervix cancer is cost-effective. Screening for other cancers cannot be recommended currently. There is a time to effect that must be recognised in planning primary or secondary prevention. Full effect of most primary activities will not be achieved for decades, screening may require a decade. Available knowledge must be applied now, however, to ensure the effect will eventually be seen, as is now occurring in some countries with the downturn in lung cancer mortality following smoking reduction in men.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of surgery 13 (1989), S. 79-83 
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'efficacité des programmes de dépistage a été établie pour les cancers du sein et du col utérin. Une politique nationale n'est donc applicable qu'à ces deux types de cancers. Le degré d'efficacité de ces programmes dépend du pourcentage de patients inclu dans le programme: informer la population et bien organiser ces programmes sont donc essentielles. Pour le cancer du col utérin, un maximum d'efficacité peut être obtenu en n'examinant que des femmes à vie sexuelle active entre 25 et 60 ans. Pour le cancer du sein, ces programmes ne semblent efficaces qu'à partir de 50 ans et ne le sont plus après 70 ans. Une mammographie tous les deux ans suffit pour fournir un maximum d'efficacité. L'évaluation de la place de la palpation par la femme elle-même ou une tierce personne est en cours. Au Japon, un programme de dépistage du cancer gastrique paraît justifié mais son efficacité reste à démontrer. Des programmes de dépistage d'autres cancers doivent être considérés comme encore au stade expérimental, y compris l'utilisation de la sigmoïdoscopie et la recherche de sang occulte dans les selles pour le cancer colorectal et l'examen visuel de la bouche pour les cancers de la cavité buccale. En raison des difficultés essentielles d'organisation, il semble peu probable que ces programmes de dépistage puisse réduire la mortalité par cancer avant l'an 2000. Cependant si on peut résoudre ces problèmes d'organisation, le principe d'examen de dépistage a le potentiel pour détecter le cancer invasif du col et de réduire singulièrement la mortalité du cancer du sein.
    Abstract: Resumen La efectividad del tamizaje ha sido establecida sólo en el cáncer del seno y del cervix uterino. Sólo para éstos, por consiguiente, se pueden aplicar políticas nacionales de tamizaje. El grado de efectividad de tales programas dependerá de la cobertura de la población elegible, de lo cual se deduce que los programas organizados son esenciales. Para el cáncer del cervix se puede lograr una eficacia casi máxima mediante el tamizaje de las mujeres sexualmente activas con exámenes cada 3 años a partir de los 25 años y hasta los 60. Para cáncer mamario, la evidencia actual sólo justifica el tamizaje a partir de la edad de 50 años; la mayoría de los programas lo terminan a los 70. La mamografía realizada cada 2 años exhibe eficacia casi máxima. El papel del autoexamen de los senos y del examen clínico está bajo investigación. En el Japón el tamizaje para cáncer gástrico es justificable, aunque aún no existe evidencia estricta de su efectividad. El tamizaje de otros cánceres todavía debe ser considerado como experimental, inclusive el uso de sigmoidoscopia y de pruebas de sangre oculta en heces para cáncer colorrectal, o de visualización de la boca para cáncer oral. Debido a las dificultades de organización y de otro tipo, parece poco probable que el tamizaje pueda aportar una contribución mayor a la reducción de la tasa global de mortalidad por cáncer en el año 2000. Sin embargo, si se logran sobreponer las dificultades organizacionales, el tamizaje posee el potencial de controlar el cáncer del cervix y de efectuar una significativa reducción de la mortalidad por cáncer mamario.
    Notes: Abstract Effectiveness of screening has been established for two cancer sites: breast and cervix uteri. Only for these, therefore, are national policies applicable. The degree of effectiveness of such programs will depend on the coverage of the eligible population; organized programs are, therefore, essential. For cancer of the cervix, nearly maximal efficacy will be obtained by screening sexually active women from 25 to 60 years of age every 3 years. For cancer of the breast, current evidence only justifies screening from 50 years of age; most programs will stop at 70 years of age. Mammography every 2 years will provide nearly maximal efficacy. The place of breast self-examination and physical examination of the breasts is under investigation. In Japan, screening for stomach cancer is justifiable, although strict evidence of effectiveness is lacking. Screening for other cancers must still be regarded as experimental, including the use of sigmoidoscopy and fecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer, and visual examination of the mouth for oral cancer. Because of organizational and other difficulties, screening seems unlikely to make a major contribution to reduction in overall cancer mortality by the year 2000. However, if organizational problems can be overcome, screening has the potential to control invasive cancer of the cervix, and to make a major contribution to reduction in breast cancer mortality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 239-247 
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: alcohol ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To study the association between alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk. Methods: A case–cohort analysis was undertaken within the cohort of 56,837 women who were enrolled in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (NBSS) and who completed a self-administered dietary questionnaire. (The NBSS is a randomized controlled trial of screening for breast cancer in women aged 40–59 at recruitment.) The cohort was recruited between 1980 and 1985, and during follow-up to the end of 1993 a total of 1469 women in the dietary cohort were diagnosed with biopsy-confirmed incident breast cancer. For comparative purposes a subcohort consisting of a random sample of 5681 women was selected from the full dietary cohort. After exclusions for various reasons the analyses were based on 1336 cases and 5238 noncases. Results: When compared to nondrinkers the adjusted incidence rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) for those consuming 〉 0 and  ≤ 10 g of alcohol/day,  〉 10 and  ≤ 20 g/day,  〉 20 and  ≤thinsp;30 g/day,  〉 30 and  ≤ 40 g/day,  〉 40 and  ≤ 50 g/day, and  〉 50 g/day were 1.01 (0.84–1.22), 1.16 (0.91–1.47), 1.27 (0.91–1.78), 0.77 (0.51–1.16), 1.00 (0.57–1.75), and 1.70 (0.97–2.98), respectively; the associated p value for the test for trend was 0.351. Similar findings were obtained when analyses were conducted separately in the screened and control arms of the NBSS, in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, for screen-detected and interval-detected breast cancer, and by levels of other breast cancer risk factors. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that alcohol consumption might be associated with increased risk of breast cancer at relatively high levels of intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Canada ; cancer etiology ; case-control study ; cohort study ; dietary fiber ; vitamin A ; vitamin C ; vitamin E
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Risk of breast cancer was examined in relation to intake of dietary fiber and vitamins A, C, and E, and food groups which are sources of these dietary constituents, in a cohort of 56,837 women enrolled in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study. Between 1982 and 1987, 519 incident, histologically confirmed cases of breast cancer were identified among women who previously had completed self-administered dietary questionnaires. Their nutrient and food intake was compared with that of 1,182 women who had not developed breast cancer during the follow-up period. Women at the uppermost quintile level of dietary fiber intake had a 30 percent reduction in risk of breast cancer relative to that for women at the lowest quintile level (adjusted odds ratio = 0.68,95 percent confidence interval = 0.46–1.00), and the reduction in risk persisted after adjustment (separately) for total vitamin A, β-carotene, vitamin C, and α-tocopherol. Inverse associations of similar magnitude were observed in association with consumption of pasta, cereals (the trend for which was statistically significant), and vegetables rich in vitamins A and C. Smaller, statistically nonsignificant reductions in risk were observed with increasing intake of dietary retinol, β-carotene, and vitamin C, but the magnitude of these associations was reduced after adjustment for other dietary factors. Vitamin E intake was not associated with altered risk of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: case-control study ; childhood leukemia ; electric and magnetic fields (EMF) ; personal monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the risk of childhood leukemia in relation to residential electric and magnetic field (EMF) exposures. Methods: A case control study based on 88 cases and 133 controls used different assessment methods to determine EMF exposure in the child's current residence. Cases comprised incident leukemias diagnosed at 0–14 years of age between 1985–1993 from a larger study in southern Ontario; population controls were individually matched to the cases by age and sex. Exposure was measured by a personal monitoring device worn by the child during usual activities at home, by point-in-time measurements in three rooms and according to wire code assigned to the child's residence. Results: An association between magnetic field exposures as measured with the personal monitor and increased risk of leukemia was observed. The risk was more pronounced for those children diagnosed at less than 6 years of age and those with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Risk estimates associated with magnetic fields tended to increase after adjusting for power consumption and potential confounders with significant odds ratios (OR) (OR: 4.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3–15.9) observed for exposures 0.14 microTesla (μT). For the most part point-in-time measurements of magnetic fields were associated with non-significant elevations in risk which were generally compatible with previous research. Residential proximity to power lines having a high current configuration was not associated with increased risk of leukemia. Exposures to electric fields as measured by personal monitoring were associated with a decreased leukemia risk. Conclusions: The findings relating to magnetic field exposures directly measured by personal monitoring support an association with the risk of childhood leukemia. As exposure assessment is refined, the possible role of magnetic fields in the etiology of childhood leukemia becomes more evident.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 42 (1997), S. 43-55 
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: diet ; body size ; breast cancer ; prognostic factors ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nutritional factors have been suggested to play an important role in the prognosis of breast cancer through their effect on tumor characteristics. This study evaluated four tumor characteristics and prognosis in relation to premorbid diet and body size. From a cohort of 89,835 women in the National Breast Screening Study (NBSS) in Canada, data on 676 incident cases of invasive carcinoma of breast, on whom we had dietary information, were used. A high energy intake lowered the likelihood of being ER positive and PR positive but after adjusting for ER status, was still associated with a higher risk of dying of breast cancer. Total fat and various types of fats were associated with a greater likelihood that a woman would be ER and PR positive, however the likelihood of dying from breast cancer was higher with higher fat consumption. There was no significant effect of higher intakes of beta carotene or vitamin C on ER status, nodal status or tumor size, but a significantly lower risk of dying from breast cancer was observed. Higher intake of carbohydrates and calcium was associated with a lowered frequency of ER and PR positive status but also with a lower risk of dying. Of the five indicators of body size studied, higher triceps skinfold thickness was associated with a slightly lower chance of being ER positive, PR positive, and node negative, and a significantly higher likelihood of dying. It appears that while there are significant associations between some of the diet and body size variables and tumor characteristics, the effect of most nutritional factors on prognosis in breast cancer may not be mediated via their effect on tumor characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Case-control studies ; colorectal neoplasms ; dietary fat ; energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the intakeof dietary fat upon colorectal cancer risk in a combined analysis of datafrom 13 case-control studies previously conducted in populations withdiffering colorectal cancer rates and dietary practices. Original datarecords for 5,287 cases of colorectal cancer and 10,470 controls werecombined. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (OR)for intakes of total energy, total fat and its components, and cholesterol.Positive associations with energy intake were observed for 11 of the 13studies. However, there was little, if any, evidence of anyenergy-independent effect of either total fat with ORs of 1.00, 0.95, 1.01,1.02, and 0.92 for quintiles of residuals of total fat intake (P trend =0.67) or for saturated fat with ORs of 1.00, 1.08, 1.06, 1.21, and 1.06 (Ptrend = 0.39). The analysis suggests that, among these case-control studies,there is no energy-independent association between dietary fat intake andrisk of colorectal cancer. It also suggests that simple substitution of fatby other sources of calories is unlikely to reduce meaningfully the risk ofcolorectal cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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