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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angeborene Erkrankungen des Hörvermögens bei Kindern Teil 1: Erworbene Hörstörungen (2000)
    Springer
    HNO 48 (2000), S. 879-886 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hörstörung ; Prävalenz ; Konnatale Hörstörungen ; Erworbene Hörstörungen ; Progredienz ; Infektionen ; Kinder ; Keywords Hearing loss ; Prevalence ; Connatal hearing loss ; Acquired hearing loss ; Progressive hearing loss ; Infections ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The results of international investigations on connatally acquired hearing loss are compared with the data of the German Registry on Childhood Hearing Loss (4058 cases). The connatal hearing disorders have shown a notable change in the last years regarding to aetiology and prevalence. In contrast to countries of the third world in developed nations the prevalence of permanent childhood hearing loss has been reduced down to 1 in 1.000 births. The results let assume a prevalence of approximately 1:1.200 births in Germany. For instance the number of rubella embryopathia decreased effectively. In contrast CMV infections and alcohol fetopathia are playing an increasing role. In the patients of the German Registry on Childhood Hearing Loss the percentage of certainly progressive hearing loss is 10.3 within the 4058 children with permanent hearing impairment. Diagnostic procedures first of all for the early diagnosis of CMV but also of toxoplasmosis are considerable because these infections may result in treatable hearing loss. Also consequent hearing tests are demanded in children with alcohol fetopathia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Daten internationaler Studien zu angeborenen erworbenen Hörstörungen mit den Ergebnissen aus 4058 Fällen im Deutschen Zentralregister für kindliche Hörstörungen (DZH) verglichen und ausgewertet. Die angeborenen Erkrankungen des Hörvermögens haben innerhalb der letzten Jahre bezüglich Ätiologie und Prävalenz einen deutlichen Wandel erlebt. Im Gegensatz zu Ländern der 3. Welt ist die Prävalenz permanenter kindlicher Hörstörungen in den westlichen Industrienationen auf ca. 1:1.000 gesunken. In Deutschland liegt die Prävalenz nach ersten Ergebnissen des DZH bei ca. 1,2:1.000. So ist beispielsweise der Anteil der Rötelnembryopathien stark zurückgegangen. Dagegen spielen heute die Zytomegalievirus-(CMV)-Infektion und die Alkoholfetopathie eine größere Rolle. Im Patientenkollektiv des DZH mit 4058 permanent hörgestörten Kindern beträgt der Anteil gesichert progredienter Verläufe 10,3%. Diagnostische Verfahren, vor allem zur Früherkennung von CMV und Toxoplasmose, gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Ebenso ist eine konsequente Hördiagnostik auch bei Kindern mit Alkoholfetopathie zu fordern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001060050684
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuropsychological studies in children with elevated tooth-lead concentrations (1983)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 51 (1983), S. 231-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Tooth-lead concentrations ; Blood-lead concentrations ; Children ; Intelligence ; Perceptual-motor integration ; Behavior ratings ; Sociohereditary background ; Multiple regression-analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Results from neuropsychological tests, collected under double-blind-precautions, were evaluated for 115 schoolage children (mean age: 9.4 years) living in a lead smelter area (Stolberg, FRG). Tooth-lead concentrations (PbT) from shed incisor teeth as measures of longtime lead-exposure were available for these children (x = 6.16 ppm; range: 1.9–38.5 ppm), and for 83 of them blood-lead concentrations (PbB) were available as well (x = 14.3 μg/dl; range: 6.8-33.8 μg/dl). The following functional capacities were tested: intelligence (German WISC), perceptual-motor integration (Göttinger Formreproduktionstest = GFT, Diagnosticum for Cerebralschüdigung = DCS), reaction performance (Wiener Determinationsgerät), finger-wrist tapping-speed, and repetitive cancellation-performance (Differentieller Leistungstest). In addition standardized behavior ratings were obtained by the examiners, the mothers, and the teachers. Multiple stepwise regression-analysis (forced solution) was calculated for outcome-variables and Pb-tooth, including age, sex, duration of labor, and socio-hereditary background as covariates. Significant (P〈 0.05) or near-significant (P〈 0.1) association was established between Pb-tooth and GFT-performance (errors), reaction-performance (false reactions), and four behavioral dimensions as rated by the mothers, namely distractability, restlessness, lack of information, and wasting of time; the proportion of explained variance never exceeded 6%, however, No significant association was found between PbT and WISC verbal-IQ after the effects of “socio-hereditary background” had been eliminated, although there was still a tendency for high level-children (PbT 〉 10 ppm) to be inferior to low level-children (PbT ≦ 4 ppm) by 4.6 IQ-points after correction for confounding. There was a near-significant, inverse relationship between fingerwrist tapping-speed and Pb-blood. The results are discussed within the framework of attention-deficit disorder, and compared to neurobehavioral Pb-effects from animal-experiments, which provide suggestive evidence for a causal relationship between developmental lead-exposure and certain neurobehavioral deficits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377755
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exposure to lead and cadmium of children living in different areas of North-West Germany: results of biological monitoring studies 1982–1986 (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 60 (1988), S. 211-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Lead exposure ; Cadmium exposure ; Children ; North-West Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Between 1982 and 1986 several surveys were carried out to determine the levels of lead and cadmium in blood, urine, and shed deciduous teeth (incisors only) of children living in rural, suburban, urban, and industrial areas of North-West Germany. Blood lead (PbB) and blood cadmium (CdB) were measured in about 4000 children. In rural, suburban and urban areas the median PbB levels vary between 5.5 and 7 μg/dl, with 98th percentiles varying between 10 and 13 μg/dl. The median CdB levels are between 0.1 and 0.2 μg/dl, with 95th percentiles between 0.3 and 0.4 μg/l. Children from urban areas have significantly higher PbB levels than children from rural and suburban areas. Regarding CdB no differences could be detected. Children living in areas around lead and zinc smelters, particularly those living very close to the smelters, have substantially increased PbB and CdB levels. Children from lead worker families also have substantially increased PbB and CdB levels. The lead levels in shed milk teeth (PbT) were determined in about 3000 children. In rural, suburban and urban areas the median PbT levels are between 2 and 3 μg/g, with 95th percentiles between 4 and 7 μg/g. Children from urban areas have significantly higher PbT levels than children from rural and suburban areas. The highest PbT levels (on a group basis) are in children from nonferrous smelter areas. The median levels of lead in urine (PbU) are between 6 and 10 μg/g creatinine, with 95th percentiles between 20 and 30 μg/g creatinine. Children from polluted areas have higher PbU levels than children from less polluted areas. The median levels of cadmium in urine (CdU) are in the order of 0.1 μg/g creatinine, with 95th percentiles being in the range of 0.5 and 1.0 μg/g creatinine. Girls have higher CdU levels than boys. There are no differences between groups of children from different areas. Children from lead worker families have higher PbU and CdU levels than otherwise comparable children. The results of the present studies indicate a further decrease of PbB in children from North-West Germany since the CEC blood lead campaigns carried out in 1979 and 1981. The decrease of lead exposure also seems to be reflected by a decrease of tooth lead levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378699
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intake and health effects of thallium among a population living in the vicinity of a cement plant emitting thallium containing dust (1981)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 48 (1981), S. 375-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Thallium exposure ; Cement factories ; Biological monitoring ; Thallium levels in urine ; Thallium levels in hair ; Health effects of low-level chronic thallium exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to assess the degree of thallium exposure in a population living around a thallium emitting cement plant in a small city in North-West Germany thallium levels in 24 h urine samples of 1,265 subjects and in hair samples of 1,163 subjects were determined. Urinary thallium levels in two groups of subjects living in an urban and a rural area of West Germany were determined for reference. As compared to these subjects the population living around the cement plant exhibited obvious signs of increased thallium intake. The mean urinary thallium concentration was 2.6 μg/1 and ranged up to 76.5 pg/1. In contrast, the mean urinary thallium levels of the two reference groups were 0.2 and 0.4 μg/1, respectively. Hair thallium levels of the population living around the cement plant were also markedly increased (mean: 9.5 ng/g). The major route of the population's increased intake of thallium was found to be the consumption of vegetables and fruit grown in private gardens in the vicinity of the cement plant. As was shown by chemical analyses vegetables and fruit grown in these gardens were contaminated by thallium-containing atmospheric dust fall-out caused by emissions of the cement plant. The pulmonary route of uptake as well as other sources did not seem to play a significant role in the population's exposure to thallium. Polyneuritic symptoms, sleep disorders, headache, fatigue and other signs of psychasthenia were found to be the major health effects associated with increased thallium levels in urine and hair. No positive correlation was found between the thallium levels in hair and urine and the prevalence of skin alterations, hair-loss and gastro-intestinal dysfunctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378686
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Internal lead and cadmium exposure in 6-year-old children from western and eastern Germany (1994)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 66 (1994), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Lead ; Cadmium ; Blood ; Teeth ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lead and cadmium levels in blood and deciduous teeth (shed incisors only) of 6-year-old German children were determined in 1991 in a large epidemiological study carried out in rural and urban areas of western Germany (Duisburg, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Dortmund, Borken) and eastern Germany (Leipzig, Halle, Magdeburg, Osterburg, Gardelegen, Salzwedel). In total, blood lead and cadmium levels of 2311 German children and tooth lead and cadmium levels of 790 German children were analyzed. Blood lead levels were generally low in all study areas with geometric means between 39.3 μg/1 and 50.8 μg/l in the western German and between 42.3 μg/1 and 68.1 μg/l in the eastern German study areas. The mean blood lead level of Turkish children (n = 213) living in the western German study areas was 50.1 μg/l and thus 5.6 μg/1 higher than the overall geometric mean of the western German children. The higher exposure may be explained by a higher oral uptake from food and different living conditions. These children were excluded from multiple regression analysis because they were all living in the western study areas. The mean tooth lead levels ranged between 1.50 and 1.74 μg/g in the western and between 1.51 μg/g and 2.72 μg/g in the eastern study areas. Thus, they show a distribution pattern similar to blood. Blood and tooth lead levels were higher in urban than in rural areas and higher in the eastern German than in the western German study areas. With regard to the blood and tooth cadmium concentrations, no significant differences between the study areas could be found. The mean cadmium levels in blood ranged between 0.12 μg/1 and 0.14 μg/l and the mean tooth cadmium concentrations between 20.8 ng/g and 27.8 ng/g. Blood and tooth lead and cadmium levels of the eastern and western German children were thus mainly at a relatively low level in all rural and urban study areas. The study demonstrates and confirms that blood and tooth lead levels are influenced by several demographic, social, and environmental variables. The results indicate that there has been a further significant decrease of lead and cadmium exposure in western German children since our last epidemiological study carried out in the same study areas in 1985/1986.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454362
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