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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuropsychological studies in children with elevated tooth-lead concentrations (1983)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 51 (1983), S. 231-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Tooth-lead concentrations ; Blood-lead concentrations ; Children ; Intelligence ; Perceptual-motor integration ; Behavior ratings ; Sociohereditary background ; Multiple regression-analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Results from neuropsychological tests, collected under double-blind-precautions, were evaluated for 115 schoolage children (mean age: 9.4 years) living in a lead smelter area (Stolberg, FRG). Tooth-lead concentrations (PbT) from shed incisor teeth as measures of longtime lead-exposure were available for these children (x = 6.16 ppm; range: 1.9–38.5 ppm), and for 83 of them blood-lead concentrations (PbB) were available as well (x = 14.3 μg/dl; range: 6.8-33.8 μg/dl). The following functional capacities were tested: intelligence (German WISC), perceptual-motor integration (Göttinger Formreproduktionstest = GFT, Diagnosticum for Cerebralschüdigung = DCS), reaction performance (Wiener Determinationsgerät), finger-wrist tapping-speed, and repetitive cancellation-performance (Differentieller Leistungstest). In addition standardized behavior ratings were obtained by the examiners, the mothers, and the teachers. Multiple stepwise regression-analysis (forced solution) was calculated for outcome-variables and Pb-tooth, including age, sex, duration of labor, and socio-hereditary background as covariates. Significant (P〈 0.05) or near-significant (P〈 0.1) association was established between Pb-tooth and GFT-performance (errors), reaction-performance (false reactions), and four behavioral dimensions as rated by the mothers, namely distractability, restlessness, lack of information, and wasting of time; the proportion of explained variance never exceeded 6%, however, No significant association was found between PbT and WISC verbal-IQ after the effects of “socio-hereditary background” had been eliminated, although there was still a tendency for high level-children (PbT 〉 10 ppm) to be inferior to low level-children (PbT ≦ 4 ppm) by 4.6 IQ-points after correction for confounding. There was a near-significant, inverse relationship between fingerwrist tapping-speed and Pb-blood. The results are discussed within the framework of attention-deficit disorder, and compared to neurobehavioral Pb-effects from animal-experiments, which provide suggestive evidence for a causal relationship between developmental lead-exposure and certain neurobehavioral deficits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377755
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Repeated surveillance of exposure to thallium in a population living in the vincinity of a cement plant emitting dust containing thallium (1983)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 52 (1983), S. 79-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Thallium exposure ; Cement factories ; Biological monitoring ; Congenital malformations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary From 1979 to 1981, several medical surveys were carried out among a population living in the vicinity of a cement plant that emitted dust containing thallium until August, 1979. Air, soil, plants, and domestic animals in the area were contaminated by thallium and this led to an increased intake of thallium in the population, mainly due to the consumption of home-grown vegetables and fruit. In order to assess the degree of the individuals' exposure to thallium, thallium levels in 24-h urine samples (TIU) were determined. Three surveys were carried out from September to December, 1979 to assess the degree of thallium exposure of different parts of the general population. Subjects with relatively high exposure, as indicated by the results of the above mentioned population surveys, or those suffering from health disorders that might be related to an increased intake of thallium, were reexamined several times from 1979–1981. Special attention was also given to children attending a kindergarten situated about 0.5 km from the cement plant. As compared to an “unexposed” reference population (mean TIU: 0.3 μg/1), the majority of the population living in the cement plant area had significantly elevated urinary thallium levels (range: 〈 0.1–76.5 μg/1) indicating a substantially increased environmental exposure. A reduction of the intake of thallium was mainly achieved by the fact that the population, as advised by the authorities, largely avoided the consumption of home-grown, potentially contaminated food-stuffs. Reports on the teratogenicity of thallium in certain animal species caused great concern that thallium might have exerted teratogenic effects on the newborn of women exposed to thallium during pregnancy. Therefore, an investigation of children born between January, 1978 and August, 1979 (n = 297) was carried out. Although the number of congenital malformations was greater than expected, we conclude, considering carefully all data available, that there is likely no causal relationship between thallium and the occurrence of congenital malformations in the children investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380610
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Levels of benzene and other volatile aromatic compounds in the blood of non-smokers and smokers (1989)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 61 (1989), S. 513-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Benzene ; Toluene ; Volatile organic compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m- and p-xylene were measured in venous blood samples collected from 13 non-smokers and 14 cigarette smokers. The blood samples were analysed by a purge and trap technique followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/computer analysis. The above-mentioned volatile organic compounds (VOC) could be detected in measurable amounts in all blood samples. This finding seems to reflect the ubiquitous exposure of humans to these agents in the urban environment, in non-smokers as well as in smokers. Smokers were found to have significantly higher blood concentrations of benzene (median 547 ng/l) and toluene (median 2201 ng/l) than non-smokers (median 190 ng/l and 1141 ng/l, respectively). The concentrations of ethylbenzene and xylenes also tended to be higher in smokers when compared to non-smokers. The different concentrations of these compounds in the blood of non-smokers appear to reflect the common concentration pattern found in outdoor urban air as well as in indoor air and also seem to be influenced by the different blood/air partition coefficients of these compounds. The results indicate that smoking is associated with a significant additional exposure to VOC, in particular to benzene and toluene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00683121
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen über den zahnbleigehalt von schulkindern aus zwei unterschiedlich belasteten Gebieten in Nordwestdeutschlan (1979)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 44 (1979), S. 65-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Tooth lead concentrations ; Long-term, cumulative lead exposure ; Variation by place of residence ; Variation with age of donor ; Variation in identical types of tooth of the same donor ; Zahnbleikonzentrationen ; langfristige und kumulative Bleibelastung ; Einfluß des Wohnortes ; Altersabhängigkeit ; Intraindividuelle Streuung der Bleikonzentration in Zähnen gleichen Typs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Bleikonzentrationen in den Milchschneidezähnen von 730 5–12jährigen Schulkindern aus zwei unterschiedlich belasteten Gebieten in Nordwestdeutschland (Duisburg and Gummersbach) bestimmt. Duisburg ist ein stark industrialisiertes, hochbelastetes Gebiet, Gummersbach ein Gebiet von ländlicher bis mittelstddtischer Struktur. Die Zahnbleikonzentrationen liegen im Bereich von 1,4–12,7 μg/g. Die Duisburger Kinder (N = 690) wiesen im Mittel Zahnbleikonzentrationen von 4,53 μg/g auf. Der Mittelwert der Kinder aus Gummersbach betrug 2,74 μg Pb/g. In Übereinstimmung mit anderen Autoren wurde statistisch eine Zunahme des Zahnbleigehaltes mit dem Alter gefunden. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede konnten nicht nachgewiesen wurden. Innerhalb des Stadtgebiets von Duisburg wurden die höchsten Durchschnittswerte (räumlich gleitende Mittelwerte) in der Umgebung and Hauptwindrichtung von zwei Betrieben der Bleiindustrie gefunden, während die Zahnbleikonzentrationen in den übrigen Stadtrandgebieten jedoch deutlich abnahmen. Der Zahnbleigehalt wird als Indikator der langfristigen and kumulativen Bleibelastung diskutiert, der deutlich die unterschiedlichen Expositionsbedingungen in den beiden untersuchten Gebieten reflektiert.
    Notes: Summary Lead concentrations have been analyzed in decidious teeth (incisors only) from 730 five to twelve-year-old school children living in two different areas of North Western Germany. Area A is a heavily industrialized city in the Ruhr-district (Duisburg); Area B is a suburban or rural area (Gummersbach, Bergisches Land). Tooth lead concentrations were found to be in the range of 1.4–12.7 μg Pb/g. The Duisburg children (N = 690) had a mean tooth lead concentration of 4.53 μg/g, whereas the mean value of the Gummersbach children (N = 40) was 2.74 μ/g. In agreement with other authors, a slight increase of tooth lead concentrations with increasing age, but no sex specific differences were found. On investigating the variation of tooth lead concentrations by place of residence within the city of Duisburg, the highest spatially sliding logarithmic mean values were found in the neighborhood of two large factories emitting lead, whereas tooth lead concentrations in the other parts of the city showed a diffuse scattering, decreasing clearly, however, in suburban areas. Tooth lead concentrations are discussed as an indicator of long-term, cumulative lead exposure, reflecting the different exposure conditions in the two areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00386740
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidemiologische untersuchungen zur ökologischen bleibelastung von männlichen gro\stadtbewohnern in Nordwestdeutschland (1980)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 46 (1980), S. 59-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Environment ; Lead ; Free erythrocyte porphyrin ; Smoking ; Biological quality guide for lead ; Umwelt ; Blei ; freies Erythrocyten-Porphyrin ; Rauchen ; biologische Überwachung auf Gefahrdung durch Blei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Blutbleikonzentrationen (PbB) and FEP-Werte von 1423 bzw. 673 50jährigen Männern aus einer westdeutschen Großstadt (Köln) bestimmt. Der geometrische Mittelwert der PbB-Werte beträgt 12,8 μg/100 g, der Mittelwert der FEP-Werte 35,3 μg/100 ml Erythrocyten. Probanden, die überwiegend im Bereich der Produktion and Verarbeitung tätig waren, wiesen im Durchschnitt höhere PbB-Werte auf als die im Bereich von Büro, Verwaltung, Schule etc. Tätigen. Zigarettenraucher hatten signifikant höhere PbB-Werte als Nie-Raucher. Die höchsten mittleren PbB-Werte traten im Innenstadtbereich Bowie in drei stark industrialisierten Stadtteilen auf; in Stadtrandgebieten wurden deutlich niedrigere Werte gefunden. In dem untersuchten PbB-Bereich (3,5–56,4 μg/100 g) konnte kein statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen erhbhten PbB- and FEP-Werten nachgewiesen werden. Die Bedeutung der PbB-Bestimmung als primarer Screening-Test zur biologischen Überwachung der Bevölkerung auf Gefahrdung durch Blei wird hervorgehoben.
    Notes: Summary Blood lead levels (PbB) and FEP-levels were measured in 1423 and 673 50-year-old males, respectively, from Cologne, a large West German city. The mean PbB value was 12.8 μg/ 100 g and the mean FEP was 35.3 μg/100 ml erythrocytes. Subjects working in production lines or in processing plants had higher PbB values than subjects working as employees and officers in administration, management, schools etc. Cigarette smokers had significant higher PbB values than non-smokers. The highest mean PbB values were found in the city centre as well as in three highly industrialized areas. PbB values were smaller in suburban areas. Within the range of PbB levels studied (3.5–56.6 μg/100 g), no statistically significant relationship between PbB and FEP could be demonstrated. The importance of PbB as a primary test for the biological screening of the population for lead is emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377460
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intake and health effects of thallium among a population living in the vicinity of a cement plant emitting thallium containing dust (1981)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 48 (1981), S. 375-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Thallium exposure ; Cement factories ; Biological monitoring ; Thallium levels in urine ; Thallium levels in hair ; Health effects of low-level chronic thallium exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to assess the degree of thallium exposure in a population living around a thallium emitting cement plant in a small city in North-West Germany thallium levels in 24 h urine samples of 1,265 subjects and in hair samples of 1,163 subjects were determined. Urinary thallium levels in two groups of subjects living in an urban and a rural area of West Germany were determined for reference. As compared to these subjects the population living around the cement plant exhibited obvious signs of increased thallium intake. The mean urinary thallium concentration was 2.6 μg/1 and ranged up to 76.5 pg/1. In contrast, the mean urinary thallium levels of the two reference groups were 0.2 and 0.4 μg/1, respectively. Hair thallium levels of the population living around the cement plant were also markedly increased (mean: 9.5 ng/g). The major route of the population's increased intake of thallium was found to be the consumption of vegetables and fruit grown in private gardens in the vicinity of the cement plant. As was shown by chemical analyses vegetables and fruit grown in these gardens were contaminated by thallium-containing atmospheric dust fall-out caused by emissions of the cement plant. The pulmonary route of uptake as well as other sources did not seem to play a significant role in the population's exposure to thallium. Polyneuritic symptoms, sleep disorders, headache, fatigue and other signs of psychasthenia were found to be the major health effects associated with increased thallium levels in urine and hair. No positive correlation was found between the thallium levels in hair and urine and the prevalence of skin alterations, hair-loss and gastro-intestinal dysfunctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378686
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human exposure to volatile halogenated hydrocarbons from the general environment (1986)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 58 (1986), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Chloroform ; 1,1,1-Trichloroethane ; Trichloroethylene ; Tetrachloroethylene ; Environmental exposure ; Biological monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The objective of this study was to assess individual human exposure to volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHH) under normal environmental conditions by means of biological monitoring, i.e. by the measurement of these compounds or their metabolites in body fluids, such as blood, serum, and urine. Blood samples of 39 normal subjects without known occupational exposure to these agents were examined for the occurrence of VHH. The following compounds were present in quantifiable concentrations in 60 to 95% of the blood samples examined: chloroform (median 0.2 μg/l; range 〈 0.1–1.7 μg/l), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (median 0.2 μg/l; range 〈 0.1–3.4 μg/l), tetrachloroethylene (median 0.4 μg/l; range 〈 0.1–3.7 μg/l). Trichloroethylene could be detected in 31% of all blood samples (median 〈 0.1 μg/l; range 〈 0.1–1.3 μg/l). In addition, the levels of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were determined in serum and 24-h urine samples of 43 and 94, respectively, normal subjects. TCA was present in measurable concentrations in all serum and urine samples examined. The median of the TCA levels in serum was 21.4 μg/l (range 4.8–221.2 μg/l) and in urine 6.0 μg/24 h (range 0.6–261.4 μg/24 h). The results are discussed in relation to data from the literature on human exposure to VHH from the general environment, i.e. via air, food, and water. The upper normal limits calculated from the results of this investigation can be used to detect even minor excessive exposures to VHH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380765
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Levels of cadmium and lead in blood in relation to smoking, sex, occupation, and other factors in an adult population of the FRG (1983)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 52 (1983), S. 167-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Cadmium in blood ; Lead in blood ; Smoking ; Sex ; Occupation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Levels of cadmium (CdB) and lead (PbB) were determined in the blood of 579 60–65 year-old residents of Cologne and two small cities near Cologne. CdB-levels in cigarette smokers are on the average 3–4 times higher than in non-smokers (geometric means: non-smokers, 0.44 μg/1; ≤ 10 cigaretrettes/d, 1.16 μg/l; 〉 10 cigarettes/d, 1.85 μg/1). The results indicate that, with regard to the internal dose, cadmium exposure via smoking may contribute even more than does exposure via food. PbB-levels (geometric mean: 8.49 μg/100 ml; range: 2.9–30.3 μg/100 ml) are in the acceptable range as defined by the CEC reference values. Male smokers have on the average slightly higher PbB-levels than male non-smokers. In women PbB-levels are on the average lower than in men.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405420
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lead in deciduous teeth of children living in a non-ferrous smelter area and a rural area of the FRG (1982)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 50 (1982), S. 139-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Tooth lead levels ; Blood lead levels ; Current lead exposure ; Long-term lead exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lead concentrations were measured in the deciduous teeth (incisors) of 302 children living in a lead-smelter area in the FRG (Stolberg, Rheinland) and of 86 children living in a nonpolluted rural area (Gummersbach, Bergisches Land). Blood lead levels were determined in 83 of the children living in the lead smelter area. On average, tooth lead levels of children living in the smelter area (mean: 6.0 μg/g; range: 1.49–38.5 μg/g) were significantly higher than those of children living in the rural area (mean: 3.9 μg/g; range: 1.6–9.4 μg/g). Blood lead levels were 6.8–33.8 μg/100 ml (mean: 14.3 μg/100 ml). Children of lead workers had on average higher tooth lead and blood lead levels than children of people who were not lead-workers. Tooth lead levels increased with increasing duration of residence in the lead-smelter area and with the degree of local environmental pollution by lead, as indicated by the lead content of the atmospheric dust fall-out around the children's homes. The correlation coefficient of tooth lead vs blood lead was 0.47. The intra-individual variability of tooth lead levels was low (r=0.86), and tooth lead levels of brothers and sisters were similar (r=0.75), suggesting that tooth lead may be used as a representative and reliable indicator of long-term lead exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378076
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadmium in kidney cortex of inhabitants of North-West Germany: its relationship to age, sex, smoking and environmental pollution by cadmium (1987)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 59 (1987), S. 165-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Kidney cortex ; Autopsy study ; Environmental pollution by cadmium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cadmium concentration in kidney cortex (CdKc) was determined in 388 deceased persons, who at the time of death had lived in the cities of Düsseldorf and Duisburg, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), and surrounding areas. The average CdKc concentration was found to be 17.1 μg/g wet weight. Individual values range from 〈 0.4 to 94.3 μg/g wet weight. The CdKc levels rapidly increase during the first decades of life. At the age of about 40 years, a plateau phase is reached. At high ages (〉 70 years), the CdKc levels tend to decrease. Cigarette smokers have significantly higher CdKc concentrations than non-smokers. The increase of CdKc depends on the number of cigarettes smoked. Cigar and pipe smokers have slightly increased CdKc levels compared to non-smokers. Non-smokers who had spent the major part of their life in the area of Duisburg, a cadmium-polluted area, have, on the average, significantly higher CdKc levels than non-smokers from the less-polluted surrounding areas. In smokers the residential factor is masked by the effect of cigarette smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378494
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