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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High lead content of deciduous teeth in chronic renal failure (1991)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 5 (1991), S. 704-707 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Lead ; Chronic renal failure ; Dialysis ; Toxic nephropathy ; Teeth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lead is suspected to contribute to the progression of kidney disease. Lead content of blood and deciduous teeth was determined in 22 children aged 5–14 years at different stages of chronic renal failure (CRF). In addition, individual lead exposure was estimated from histories. The results were compared with a control group of 20 siblings or neighbours of patients living in the same environment (C1), and to a group of children known to be free of excessive lead exposure (C2). The mean blood lead concentration of patients was normal (mean 2.9 μg/dl, range 1.1.–10.1). Mean dental lead content was 2.8, 1.7 and 1.4 μg/g in CRF, C1 and C2, respectively. It always exceeded that of healthy peers. Increased dental lead content was associated with a high risk of exposure. It is suggested that both an increased lead uptake and renal dysfunction may contribute to the increased lead burden in children with CRF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00857878
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary Levels of 1-Hydroxypyrene, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-Hydroxyphenanthrene in Females Living in an Industrial Area of Germany (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 31 (1996), S. 585-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene (1- HOPYR), and 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (HOPHE) as metabolites of pyrene and phenanthrene, were measured in urine samples collected from 124 housewives (27 smokers and 97 nonsmokers) living in Bottrop, an industrial city located in the Ruhr area in Germany. The urine samples were analyzed by a very sensitive and practical high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method using a two-column switching technique and a special precolumn packing material followed by fluorescence detection. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites are selectively enriched on the precolumn and separated from the matrix. Therefore, laborious clean-up steps were omitted. The above-mentioned PAH metabolites could be detected in all urine samples investigated. Smokers had significantly higher urine concentrations of 1-HOPYR (median 0.48 μg/g creatinine), 3-HOPHE (median 0.61 μg/g creatinine), 2-HOPHE (0.41 μg/g creatinine) and 4-HOPHE (median 0.10 μg/g creatinine) than non-smokers (median 0.15 μg/g creatinine, 0.31 μg/g creatinine, 0.31 μg/g creatinine and 0.04μg/g creatinine, respectively). The study shows that the influence of smoking is of such an order of magnitude that potential environmental exposure to PAH in this highly industrialized area is obscured by smoking habits. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the determination of 1-HOPYR, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-HOPHE in urine is a diagnostically useful method for the biological monitoring of persons environmentally exposed to PAH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900148
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene in females living in an industrial area of Germany (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 31 (1996), S. 585-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOPYR), and 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (HOPHE) as metabolites of pyrene and phenanthrene, were measured in urine samples collected from 124 housewives (27 smokers and 97 nonsmokers) living in Bottrop, an industrial city located in the Ruhr area in Germany. The urine samples were analyzed by a very sensitive and practical high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method using a two-column switching technique and a special precolumn packing material followed by fluorescence detection. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites are selectively enriched on the precolumn and separated from the matrix. Therefore, laborious clean-up steps were omitted. The above-mentioned PAH metabolites could be detected in all urine samples investigated. Smokers had significantly higher urine concentrations of 1-HOPYR (median 0.48 μg/g creatinine), 3-HOPHE (median 0.61 μg/g creatinine), 2-HOPHE (0.41 μg/g creatinine) and 4-HOPHE (median 0.10 μg/g creatinine) than non-smokers (median 0.15 μg/g creatinine, 0.31 μg/g creatinine, 0.31 μg/g creatinine and 0.04μg/g creatinine, respectively). The study shows that the influence of smoking is of such an order of magnitude that potential environmental exposure to PAH in this highly industrialized area is obscured by smoking habits. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the determination of 1-HOPYR, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-HOPHE in urine is a diagnostically useful method for the biological monitoring of persons environmentally exposed to PAH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212444
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidemiologische untersuchungen zur ökologischen bleibelastung von männlichen gro\stadtbewohnern in Nordwestdeutschland (1980)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 46 (1980), S. 59-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Environment ; Lead ; Free erythrocyte porphyrin ; Smoking ; Biological quality guide for lead ; Umwelt ; Blei ; freies Erythrocyten-Porphyrin ; Rauchen ; biologische Überwachung auf Gefahrdung durch Blei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Blutbleikonzentrationen (PbB) and FEP-Werte von 1423 bzw. 673 50jährigen Männern aus einer westdeutschen Großstadt (Köln) bestimmt. Der geometrische Mittelwert der PbB-Werte beträgt 12,8 μg/100 g, der Mittelwert der FEP-Werte 35,3 μg/100 ml Erythrocyten. Probanden, die überwiegend im Bereich der Produktion and Verarbeitung tätig waren, wiesen im Durchschnitt höhere PbB-Werte auf als die im Bereich von Büro, Verwaltung, Schule etc. Tätigen. Zigarettenraucher hatten signifikant höhere PbB-Werte als Nie-Raucher. Die höchsten mittleren PbB-Werte traten im Innenstadtbereich Bowie in drei stark industrialisierten Stadtteilen auf; in Stadtrandgebieten wurden deutlich niedrigere Werte gefunden. In dem untersuchten PbB-Bereich (3,5–56,4 μg/100 g) konnte kein statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen erhbhten PbB- and FEP-Werten nachgewiesen werden. Die Bedeutung der PbB-Bestimmung als primarer Screening-Test zur biologischen Überwachung der Bevölkerung auf Gefahrdung durch Blei wird hervorgehoben.
    Notes: Summary Blood lead levels (PbB) and FEP-levels were measured in 1423 and 673 50-year-old males, respectively, from Cologne, a large West German city. The mean PbB value was 12.8 μg/ 100 g and the mean FEP was 35.3 μg/100 ml erythrocytes. Subjects working in production lines or in processing plants had higher PbB values than subjects working as employees and officers in administration, management, schools etc. Cigarette smokers had significant higher PbB values than non-smokers. The highest mean PbB values were found in the city centre as well as in three highly industrialized areas. PbB values were smaller in suburban areas. Within the range of PbB levels studied (3.5–56.6 μg/100 g), no statistically significant relationship between PbB and FEP could be demonstrated. The importance of PbB as a primary test for the biological screening of the population for lead is emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377460
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intake and health effects of thallium among a population living in the vicinity of a cement plant emitting thallium containing dust (1981)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 48 (1981), S. 375-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Thallium exposure ; Cement factories ; Biological monitoring ; Thallium levels in urine ; Thallium levels in hair ; Health effects of low-level chronic thallium exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to assess the degree of thallium exposure in a population living around a thallium emitting cement plant in a small city in North-West Germany thallium levels in 24 h urine samples of 1,265 subjects and in hair samples of 1,163 subjects were determined. Urinary thallium levels in two groups of subjects living in an urban and a rural area of West Germany were determined for reference. As compared to these subjects the population living around the cement plant exhibited obvious signs of increased thallium intake. The mean urinary thallium concentration was 2.6 μg/1 and ranged up to 76.5 pg/1. In contrast, the mean urinary thallium levels of the two reference groups were 0.2 and 0.4 μg/1, respectively. Hair thallium levels of the population living around the cement plant were also markedly increased (mean: 9.5 ng/g). The major route of the population's increased intake of thallium was found to be the consumption of vegetables and fruit grown in private gardens in the vicinity of the cement plant. As was shown by chemical analyses vegetables and fruit grown in these gardens were contaminated by thallium-containing atmospheric dust fall-out caused by emissions of the cement plant. The pulmonary route of uptake as well as other sources did not seem to play a significant role in the population's exposure to thallium. Polyneuritic symptoms, sleep disorders, headache, fatigue and other signs of psychasthenia were found to be the major health effects associated with increased thallium levels in urine and hair. No positive correlation was found between the thallium levels in hair and urine and the prevalence of skin alterations, hair-loss and gastro-intestinal dysfunctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378686
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuropsychological studies in children with elevated tooth-lead concentrations (1983)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 51 (1983), S. 231-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Tooth-lead concentrations ; Blood-lead concentrations ; Children ; Intelligence ; Perceptual-motor integration ; Behavior ratings ; Sociohereditary background ; Multiple regression-analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Results from neuropsychological tests, collected under double-blind-precautions, were evaluated for 115 schoolage children (mean age: 9.4 years) living in a lead smelter area (Stolberg, FRG). Tooth-lead concentrations (PbT) from shed incisor teeth as measures of longtime lead-exposure were available for these children (x = 6.16 ppm; range: 1.9–38.5 ppm), and for 83 of them blood-lead concentrations (PbB) were available as well (x = 14.3 μg/dl; range: 6.8-33.8 μg/dl). The following functional capacities were tested: intelligence (German WISC), perceptual-motor integration (Göttinger Formreproduktionstest = GFT, Diagnosticum for Cerebralschüdigung = DCS), reaction performance (Wiener Determinationsgerät), finger-wrist tapping-speed, and repetitive cancellation-performance (Differentieller Leistungstest). In addition standardized behavior ratings were obtained by the examiners, the mothers, and the teachers. Multiple stepwise regression-analysis (forced solution) was calculated for outcome-variables and Pb-tooth, including age, sex, duration of labor, and socio-hereditary background as covariates. Significant (P〈 0.05) or near-significant (P〈 0.1) association was established between Pb-tooth and GFT-performance (errors), reaction-performance (false reactions), and four behavioral dimensions as rated by the mothers, namely distractability, restlessness, lack of information, and wasting of time; the proportion of explained variance never exceeded 6%, however, No significant association was found between PbT and WISC verbal-IQ after the effects of “socio-hereditary background” had been eliminated, although there was still a tendency for high level-children (PbT 〉 10 ppm) to be inferior to low level-children (PbT ≦ 4 ppm) by 4.6 IQ-points after correction for confounding. There was a near-significant, inverse relationship between fingerwrist tapping-speed and Pb-blood. The results are discussed within the framework of attention-deficit disorder, and compared to neurobehavioral Pb-effects from animal-experiments, which provide suggestive evidence for a causal relationship between developmental lead-exposure and certain neurobehavioral deficits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377755
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental exposure to cadmium and renal function of elderly women living in cadmium-polluted areas of the Federal Republic of Germany (1985)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 55 (1985), S. 217-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Environmental exposure ; Renal function ; Hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An epidemiological study was performed to assess whether environmental pollution by cadmium as found in cadmium-polluted areas of the Federal Republic of Germany is associated with an increased prevalence of biological signs of kidney dysfunction in population groups non-occupationally exposed to heavy metals. The study was run in two industrial areas known to be highly contaminated by cadmium, lead and other heavy metals, viz. Stolberg and Duisburg. Dusseldorf was selected as a reference area. As a study population we selected 65- and 66-year-old women (n = 286) who had spent the major part of their lives in one of these areas. The average cadmium levels in blood (CdB) and urine (CdU) revealed significant differences in exposure to cadmium in the order Stolberg 〉 Duisburg 〉 Düsseldorf. Serum creatinine levels were, on average, significantly higher in the Stolberg group than in the Duisburg and Düsseldorf groups. However, with respect to the urinary excretion of low molecular weight proteins (β 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein), albuminuria, total proteinuria, aminoaciduria, phosphaturia and some other biological findings, no significant differences between the study populations were noted. Similarly, the prevalence of clinically-confirmed hypertension as well as the relative frequency of hypertensive subjects (systolic ≥ 160 and/or diastolic ≥ 95 mm Hg) did not differ significantly among the three study groups. There was no exposure-reponse relationship between CdU and tubular proteinuria in the range of the CdU-levels found (0.1 to 5.2 μg/g creatinine). However, albuminuria tended to be increased at CdU levels 〉 2 μg/g creatinine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00383755
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadmium in kidney cortex of inhabitants of North-West Germany: its relationship to age, sex, smoking and environmental pollution by cadmium (1987)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 59 (1987), S. 165-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Kidney cortex ; Autopsy study ; Environmental pollution by cadmium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cadmium concentration in kidney cortex (CdKc) was determined in 388 deceased persons, who at the time of death had lived in the cities of Düsseldorf and Duisburg, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), and surrounding areas. The average CdKc concentration was found to be 17.1 μg/g wet weight. Individual values range from 〈 0.4 to 94.3 μg/g wet weight. The CdKc levels rapidly increase during the first decades of life. At the age of about 40 years, a plateau phase is reached. At high ages (〉 70 years), the CdKc levels tend to decrease. Cigarette smokers have significantly higher CdKc concentrations than non-smokers. The increase of CdKc depends on the number of cigarettes smoked. Cigar and pipe smokers have slightly increased CdKc levels compared to non-smokers. Non-smokers who had spent the major part of their life in the area of Duisburg, a cadmium-polluted area, have, on the average, significantly higher CdKc levels than non-smokers from the less-polluted surrounding areas. In smokers the residential factor is masked by the effect of cigarette smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378494
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Levels of benzene and other volatile aromatic compounds in the blood of non-smokers and smokers (1989)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 61 (1989), S. 513-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Benzene ; Toluene ; Volatile organic compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m- and p-xylene were measured in venous blood samples collected from 13 non-smokers and 14 cigarette smokers. The blood samples were analysed by a purge and trap technique followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/computer analysis. The above-mentioned volatile organic compounds (VOC) could be detected in measurable amounts in all blood samples. This finding seems to reflect the ubiquitous exposure of humans to these agents in the urban environment, in non-smokers as well as in smokers. Smokers were found to have significantly higher blood concentrations of benzene (median 547 ng/l) and toluene (median 2201 ng/l) than non-smokers (median 190 ng/l and 1141 ng/l, respectively). The concentrations of ethylbenzene and xylenes also tended to be higher in smokers when compared to non-smokers. The different concentrations of these compounds in the blood of non-smokers appear to reflect the common concentration pattern found in outdoor urban air as well as in indoor air and also seem to be influenced by the different blood/air partition coefficients of these compounds. The results indicate that smoking is associated with a significant additional exposure to VOC, in particular to benzene and toluene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00683121
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reference values and human biological monitoring values for environmental toxins (1999)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 72 (1999), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Environmental medicine ; Environmental toxins ; Biological monitoring ; Reference values ; Human biological monitoring (HBM) values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This article describes the working principles and working procedures of the Commission on Human Biological Monitoring, which was established in 1993 as a joint commission of the Federal Health Office (Bundesgesundheitsamt) and the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) in Germany. One of the main tasks of the commission is to develop scientifically based criteria for the application of human biological monitoring and for the evaluation of human monitoring data in environmental medicine. In principle, two different kinds of criteria are recommended: (a) reference values and (b) human biological monitoring values (HBM values). Reference values are intended to indicate the upper margin of the current background exposure of the general population to a given environmental toxin at a given time. Reference values can be used to identify subjects with an increased level of exposure (in relation to background exposure) to a given environmental toxin. However, reference values do not represent health-related criteria for the evaluation of human biological monitoring data. HBM values are derived from human toxicology and epidemiology studies and are intended to be used as a basis for a health-related evaluation of human biological monitoring data. Usually the commission recommends two different HBM values: HBM I, the concentration of an environmental toxin in a human biological material (usually blood, serum, plasma, or urine) below which there is – according to the knowledge and judgement of the commission – no risk for adverse health effects in individuals of the general population; and HBM II, the concentration of an environmental toxin in a human biological material (usually blood, serum, plasma, or urine) above which there is – according to the knowledge and judgement of the commission and with regard to the environmental toxin under consideration – an increased risk for adverse health effects in susceptible individuals of the general population. The HBM I value can be considered a kind of alert value (from the toxicological point of view), whereas the HBM II value represents a kind of action level, at which attempts should be undertaken to reduce the level of exposure immediately and to carry out further medical examinations. Values between HBM I and HBM II should be considered a warning signal of the need to control the analytical measurement and to reduce the level of exposure of the concerned individual as reasonably as is achievable. At present, reference and HBM values are available for lead in blood, for cadmium and mercury in blood and urine, and for pentachlorophenol in plasma/serum and urine. Reference values have been established for some polychlorinated biphenyls in blood and plasma as well as for hexachlorocyclohexane and hexacholorobenzene in blood as well as for some organochlorine in human milk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050369
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