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  • Biological samples  (1)
  • Bionsensors  (1)
  • Cerebro-cerebellar system  (1)
  • Key words: Peripheral contrast  (1)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 8 (1987), S. 423-436 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Cerebro-cerebellar system ; learning loops ; cerebellar function ; mental and language function motor function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Nel sistema cerebro-cerebellare delle scimmie antropoidi e degli uomini, il cervelletto sembra in grado di contribuire non soltanto all’abilità motoria, ma anche alle attività mentali e del linguaggio. I dati anatomici sembrano dimostrare che in queste specie il cervelletto può funzionare a 2 livelli gerarchici differenziati. Al livello inferiore, il cervelletto può inviare segnali alle aree motorie frontali, per effettuare il comando dei muscoli. A livello superiore, il cervelletto può inviare segnali ad alcune aree prefrontali, per attivare i simboli. Ai 2 livelli, il cervelletto può funzionare nella medesima maniera. Quando l’informazione in arrivo è fissata ripetutamente nei circuiti neurali cerebellari, il cervelletto può imparare a produrre nuove sequenze di segnali, che costituiscono nuovi programmi per realizzare le procedure apprese. Se i programmi cerebellari sono usati nelle aree motorie frontali 4 e 6, si verificano azioni motorie rapide ed abili; e similarmente, se i programmi cerebellari sono usati in alcune aree frontali, come l’area 8 e la circonvoluzione frontale inferiore, operazioni mentali e di linguaggio possono essere realizzate rapidamente ed abilmente. Il cervelletto, col suo contributo a queste funzioni mentali e del linguaggio o nell’azione motoria, può riuscire come un meccanismo adattativo, i cui segnali permettono alla corteccia frontale di eseguire in modo ottimale le procedure apprese. In assenza di questi segnali cerebellari, la corteccia frontale eseguirebbe queste procedure in modo meno fluente. Nuove tecniche di valutazione confermano queste differenze di performance. Perciò queste tecniche vengono adottate per testare soggetti umani, nel tentativo di confermare o rifiutare questo concetto più allargato delle funzioni cerebrali. Se questi nuovi concetti saranno convalidati, ne conseguirà la possibilità di avere spiegazioni su alcuni non risolti misteri del cervello umano.
    Notes: Abstract In the cerebro-cerebellar system of anthropoid apes and humans, the cerebellum seems able to contribute not only to motor skills but also to mental and language skills. Anatomical evidence suggests that in these species the cerebellum can function at two different hierarchical levels. At a lower level, the cerebellum can supply signals to the frontal motor areas for effecting the manipulation of muscles. At a higher level, the cerebellum can supply signals to some prefrontal areas for effecting the manipulation of symbols. At both levels, the cerebellum can function in essentially the same way: when incoming information is processed repeatedly in the neural loops in which the cerebellum is embedded, the cerebellum can learn to generate new sequences of signals, which constitute new programs for carrying out learned procedures. If cerebellar programs are used in the frontal motor areas (area 4 and are 6), motor manipulations can be effected rapidly and skillfully. Similarly, if cerebellar programs are used in some prefrontal areas (e.g., area 8 and the inferior frontal convolution), mental and language manipulations could be effected rapidly and skillfully. The cerebellum, in its contributions to these mental and language functions, as in its contributions to motor function, could serve as an adaptive mechanism whose signals enable the frontal cortex to execute learned procedures optimally. In the absence of such cerebellar signals, the frontal cortex would have to perform these procedures less rapidly and fluently. Modern testing techniques can reveal such a subtle difference in performance. These techniques are therefore now being used to test human subjects, in an attempt to validate or refute this broadened concept of cerebellar function. If the new concept is validated, it can provide powerful explanations for some unresolved mysteries about the human brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytica Chimica Acta 255 (1991), S. 209-222 
    ISSN: 0003-2670
    Keywords: Biological samples ; Bionsensors ; Blood ; Carbon dioxide ; Chemiluminescence ; Flow system ; Glucose ; Oxygen ; Review ; pH
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 9 (1999), S. 1285-1289 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Peripheral contrast ; Enhanced MR angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Magnetic resonance angiography has taken a huge step forward since the introduction of contrast-enhanced MR angiography using gadolinium chelates. The more conventional MR angiographic techniques, such as time-of-flight and phase-contrast MR angiography, have been ousted by contrast-enhanced MR angiography in most vascular areas. However, in imaging the lower extremities, the major obstacle is the length of the vascular tree. In order to cover the entire peripheral vasculature, at least two to three fields of view are required. Using contrast-enhanced MR angiography, the best results are obtained if the vessels of interest are imaged during passage of a bolus of contrast material. Vessel-to-background contrast in subsequent acquisitions using subsequent injections of contrast material is hampered by recirculation and leakage of previously injected gadolinium, enhancing both the venous system and surrounding tissue. To overcome this problem several research groups have come up with various solutions. The three main strategies employed can be classified as either bolus catch, bolus chase, or bolus track techniques. The purpose of this article is to explain working mechanisms of the three bolus imaging strategies for imaging both inflow and outflow vessels of the lower extremities, to show their advantages and disadvantages, and to review results described in the literature in imaging patients using these techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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