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  • Circadian rhythm  (3)
  • Circadian rhythms  (3)
  • Body composition  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 37 (1976), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Shift work ; Body temperature ; Circadian rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of permanent night and rapidly rotating shift systems on the daily course of body temperature were examined in an experimental situation. In the first series of tests 4 subjects worked on night shift for 3 successive weeks. A further 4 subjects worked on rapidly rotating shift systems; 2 subjects on a 1 - 1 - 1 - system (first day early shift, 2nd day late shift, 3rd day night shift, 4th day free), and 2 subjects on a 2 - 2 - 2 -system (“metropolitan rota”). Only slight changes in the daily course of rectal temperature were found with single night shifts. The greatest changes in the circadian rhythm occurred during the first week of night shifts. p]Even after 21 consecutive night shifts we failed to find complete inversion of the daily course of body temperature. In view of these test results rapidly rotating shift systems would seem to be advisable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Time zone crossing ; Watchkeeping ; Circadian rhythms ; Human performance ; Subjective alertness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Daily diary records of sleep and activity, and 4-h measurements of body temperature, performance and subjective alertness were collected on board ship from 15 watchkeepers on the 4-on/8-off system, and from 28 dayworkers, on both westward and eastward transatlantic voyages. The data from a balanced sample of the subjects were analysed over selected 8-d periods of the voyages where four or five time zones were crossed. During these periods the average amount of daily sleep obtained by dayworkers on the eastward voyage was more than 1 h less than that on the westward voyage, and its quality was rated lower. Watchkeepers' main sleep was also shorter when travelling eastward, but this reduction was partially compensated for by a slightly longer secondary sleep. With the exception of subjective alertness on the eastward voyage, the basic phase of the circadian rhythms in the measured variables adjusted appropriately to the clock changes associated with the time zone crossings. The normal shape of the average daily curves was, however, altered differentially in the two directions of travel; as a result, morning levels of all variables were lower on the eastward voyage than on the westward, but evening levels were higher. These distortions of rhythm waveforms, which probably arose from a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors, add another dimension to the basic problem caused by the effects of circadian rhythms on operational efficiency in the shipboard situation. This problem can only be solved by the development of alternative watchkeeping systems which take full account of these rhythms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Watchkeeping ; Physiological functions ; Circadian rhythms ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oral and rectal temperature, urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline, and heart rate were measured in 28 watchkeepers working a “4-on/8-off” routine, and in 25 dayworkers, on board ships. Readings of oral temperature were taken over 4-hourly periods of up to two weeks; the rectal temperature, urine, and heart rate data were collected on selected days within these periods. Analysis of watchkeepers' temperatures and unconjugated catecholamine excretions showed slight signs of an interactive adaptation to time of day and hours of work, but it was clear that full phase adjustment of the circadian rhythms to shifted hours of work did not occur. The “split” pattern of sleep imposed by the watch system may be a major factor in preventing complete adaptation of physiological rhythms to shift work in the shipboard situation; this problem could be overcome by devising a system that allows sleep to be taken in a single uninterrupted block each day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Watchkeeping ; Circadian rhythms ; Fatigue ; Sleep ; Performance efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The safety of a ship depends substantially on its bridge watchkeepers, whose alertness and efficiency must be maintained at all hours of the day and night. Fatigue, circadian rhythms, and sleep disruption occasioned by the unusual working hours of these personnel may all affect their performance. A methodology for assessing the magnitude of this problem is proposed. The application of this methodology in a large-scale shipboard study of merchant mariners on extended voyages is then described, and details given of the techniques used to measure sleep and activity, and temporal variations in a range of physiological and psychological parameters. A summary of the data collected in the study is provided as a reference point for the reports on the different aspects of the results that follow in subsequent articles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 31 (1973), S. 193-207 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Circadian rhythm ; Reaction time ; Night work ; Frequency distributions ; Zirkadiane Periodik ; Reaktionszeit ; Nachtarbeit ; Häufigkeitsverteilungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Parameter der empirischen Häufigkeitsverteilungen von Wahlreaktionszeiten auf optische Signale wurden bei 12 Versuchspersonen zu verschiedenen Tageszeiten untersucht. Die 47222 Reaktionszeiten, die den Verteilungen zugrunde lagen, wurden 6mal am Tage alle 4 Std gemessen. Während der 4minütigen Einzeluntersuchungen wurden jeweils 24 Reaktionszeiten registriert. Im Verlaufe der Einzeluntersuchungen blieb die Reaktionszeit im Mittel konstant. Das arithmetische Mittel und die Standardabweichung der Reaktionszeitverteilungen, die zu verschiedenen Tageszeiten gemessen wurden, lie\en einen Tagesgang mit gleicher Phasenlage in bezug auf die Tageszeit erkennen. Der Variationskoeffizient und die Schiefe der Verteilungen zeigten keine tageszeitlichen änderungen. Die Verlängerung der Reaktionszeit während der Nacht war somit vorwiegend durch eine allgemeine Verringerung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit bei unveränderter Verteilungsform verursacht.
    Notes: Summary The parameters of empirical frequency distributions of reaction times were investigated at different times of the day in 12 Ss by measurements of multiple choice reaction time with visual signals. The reaction times used as the basis for the frequency distributions were measured every 4 hrs at 6 different times of day. Each 4-minute examination involved the recording of 24 reaction times. No changes in reaction time occurred during individual examinations. The arithmetic mean and standard deviation of the frequency distributions measured at different times of day revealed clear circadian changes, the phases bearing the same relationship to the time of day in each case. There was no circadian variation in the variation coefficients or the skewness of the frequency distributions. It is concluded that lengthening of reaction time during the night is caused by a general diminution of reaction velocity while the shape of the frequency distributions remains constant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Exercise ; Fitness ; Body composition ; Growth ; Longitudinal study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report gives results of a longitudinal study of two cohorts of school children in Norway and West-Germany. The rate of growth in body size and composition is identical for the two samples, but different for the two sexes, and follows closely the trend of growth which has been found for North-Europeans in general. Despite of this similarity in growth of anatomical variables the Norwegian children appeared to be superior in their maximum aerobic power at all comparable ages and in both sexes. The differences between means in maximal oxygen uptake varies somewhat with age and sex and are in the range of 5–10%. It is suggested that the mean differences between Norwegian and German children in their exercise and cardio-vascular fitness are brought about by a more physically active behavioural pattern of living in Norway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 45 (1980), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Social isolation ; Body composition ; Lung function ; Maximal oxygen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper tested the hypothesis that social isolation of children brings about a reduced pattern of habitual physical activity, influences body composition during growth, and hampers development of physical performance capacity. Two cohorts of children were studied, one living at or close to the center, the other living in the periphery of the community of Lom in Southern Norway. The two cohorts of children differed in their patterns of physical behavior, but were otherwise similar in genetic traits, nutrition, and environmental conditions. During a 4-year period the two cohorts of children were tested annually. The center children were leaner, and their maximal oxygen uptake and forced expiratory volume were greater in all years of growth when related to body size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Maximal aerobic power ; Maximal load ; Circadian rhythm ; Maximale O2-Aufnahme ; Maximale Leistung ; Tagesperiodik
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei sechs hochgeübten jugendlichen Radrennfahrern mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 16,3 Jahren und einer durchschnittlichen maximalen O2-Aufnahme von 4,9 l/min wurde die maximale O2-Aufnahme in Abständen von 4 Std direkt bestimmt. Die Versuchsfolge wurde nach dem Lateinischen Quadrat festgelegt. Im submaximalen Bereich der O2-Aufnahme von 2,4 bis 4,4 l/min waren keine Unterschiede der Einzelfunktionen in Abhängigkeit von der Tageszeit zu finden. Dagegen wurden die folgenden Unterschiede zwischen den Maximal- und Minimalwerten gefunden: für die maximale Leistung $$\dot W_{\max } $$ 12,4%, für das maximale Atemzeitvolumen ( $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ ) 7,8%, für die maximale O2-Aufnahme ( $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ ) 5,7% und für die maximale Herzfrequenz (H F max) 3,4%. Alle Funktionen hatten — mit Ausnahme der $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ — ihr Minimum um 3.00 Uhr; das Minimum der $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ wurde dagegen bereits um 23.00 Uhr erreicht. Die Maxima der $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ und $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ wurden um 15.00 Uhr, der $$\dot W_{\max } $$ undH F max um 7.00 Uhr und derH F Ruhe um 19.00 Uhr gemessen. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Maxima- und Minimawerten nach einseitiger Prüfung waren in allen Einzelfunktionen signifikant (P〈0,05). Die Ergebnisse sprechen für eine geringere kardiopulmonale Leistungsfähigkeit in der Nacht. Diese Verminderung wird aber erst bedeutsam, wenn die Arbeit direkt an der Dauerleistungsgrenze geleistet werden müßte. Außerdem ist daraus zu folgern, daß indirekte Methoden zur Bestimmung der $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ sowie die $$\dot W_{170} $$ in der Nachtzeit nicht sinnvoll zur Bestimmung der kardiopulmonalen Leistungsfähigkeit eingesetzt werden können, da die Voraussetzungen dieser Methoden auf die Tageszeit eingeschränkt sind.
    Notes: Abstract The maximal aerobic power of six highly trained young cyclist, mean age 16.3 years and mean $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ 4.9 l/min, was directly measured at intervals of 4 hrs. A Latin square design was used for the test order. At submaximal work of O2-consumption 2.4 to 4.4 l/min no circadian variation of any single function was found. However, at maximal work load the differences between the maxima and minima values were 12.4% for maximal work output ( $$\dot W_{\max } $$ ), 7.8% for expiratory minute volume ( $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ ), 5.7% for maximal aerobic power ( $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ ) and 3.4% for maximal heart rate (HR max). All the functions—with the exception of $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ —had their minima at 0300 hrs; the minima of $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ was reached already at 2300 hours. The maxima-values of $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ and $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ were measured at 1500 hrs, of $$\dot W_{\max } $$ andHR max at 0700 and ofHR rest at 1900 hrs correspondingly. A one-tailed test showed significant differences between the maxima and minima values of all variables (P〈0.05). The results suggest a decreased cardiopulmonary working capacity at night. However, this impairment is only of practical importance if the work will be done near the limit of endurance capacity. Besides it will suggest, that the indirect methods for assessing the cardiopulmonary capacity based on $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ and $$\dot W_{170} $$ are not useful at nighttime, because the presuppositions for these methods are limited of the time of day.
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