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  • 1
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    Signal probability and vigilance: a reappraisal of the 'signal-rate' effect (1969)
    London, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    British journal of psychology. 60 (1969) 169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0007-1269
    Topics: Psychology
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:0047-1969-060-00-000021
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the temperature rhythm of submariners following a rapidly rotating watchkeeping system for a prolonged period (1979)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 42 (1979), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Circadian rhythm ; Body-temperature ; Submariners ; Watchkeeping ; Sleep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary On-watch readings of oral temperature were obtained at hourly intervals from submariners during two continuously submerged voyages of 48 days duration. The subjects followed a rapidly rotating watchkeeping system of 4-h dutyspells during the entire period. In the majority of cases, the amplitude of the circadian temperature rhythm progressively declined, and this was accompanied by a tendency for the rhythm to disintegrate into shorter periods, associated with the length of the duty spell and the particular pattern of sleep adopted. On one voyage, one subject's rhythm showed a tendency to “free-run”, with a period of 24.6 h. It is concluded that the results give pointers to the kind of effect to be looked for in studies of shift-workers following similarly highly irregular patterns of work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377772
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of continuous exposure to carbon monoxide on auditory vigilance in man (1981)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 48 (1981), S. 25-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Carbon monoxide ; Carboxyhaemoglobin ; Closed environment (2) ; Mental performance ; Vigilance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six different groups of non-smoking young male subjects were studied separately for 18 consecutive days each in a closed controlled-environment human exposure chamber. Each group was subjected to a 5-day control period in fresh air followed successively by an 8-day period of continuous exposure to 50 ppm, 15 ppm or 0 ppm (control) by volume of carbon monoxide (CO) in air, and a 5-day recovery period in fresh air. The subjects performed a 1-h auditory vigilance task every day at the same time of day in a fixed qualitative, quantitative, and temporal relationship with food intake, consumption of stimulating beverages, physical activity, and sleep. It was concluded that such CO exposure, involving the continuous carriage of carboxyhaemoglobin loads up to 7%, was without significant effect on auditory vigilance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405928
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Work at sea: a study of sleep, and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions, in watchkeepers on merchant vessels (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 61 (1988), S. 39-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Time zone crossing ; Watchkeeping ; Circadian rhythms ; Human performance ; Subjective alertness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Daily diary records of sleep and activity, and 4-h measurements of body temperature, performance and subjective alertness were collected on board ship from 15 watchkeepers on the 4-on/8-off system, and from 28 dayworkers, on both westward and eastward transatlantic voyages. The data from a balanced sample of the subjects were analysed over selected 8-d periods of the voyages where four or five time zones were crossed. During these periods the average amount of daily sleep obtained by dayworkers on the eastward voyage was more than 1 h less than that on the westward voyage, and its quality was rated lower. Watchkeepers' main sleep was also shorter when travelling eastward, but this reduction was partially compensated for by a slightly longer secondary sleep. With the exception of subjective alertness on the eastward voyage, the basic phase of the circadian rhythms in the measured variables adjusted appropriately to the clock changes associated with the time zone crossings. The normal shape of the average daily curves was, however, altered differentially in the two directions of travel; as a result, morning levels of all variables were lower on the eastward voyage than on the westward, but evening levels were higher. These distortions of rhythm waveforms, which probably arose from a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors, add another dimension to the basic problem caused by the effects of circadian rhythms on operational efficiency in the shipboard situation. This problem can only be solved by the development of alternative watchkeeping systems which take full account of these rhythms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381606
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Work at sea: a study of sleep, and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions, in watchkeepers on merchant vessels (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 60 (1988), S. 395-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Watchkeeping ; Physiological functions ; Circadian rhythms ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oral and rectal temperature, urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline, and heart rate were measured in 28 watchkeepers working a “4-on/8-off” routine, and in 25 dayworkers, on board ships. Readings of oral temperature were taken over 4-hourly periods of up to two weeks; the rectal temperature, urine, and heart rate data were collected on selected days within these periods. Analysis of watchkeepers' temperatures and unconjugated catecholamine excretions showed slight signs of an interactive adaptation to time of day and hours of work, but it was clear that full phase adjustment of the circadian rhythms to shifted hours of work did not occur. The “split” pattern of sleep imposed by the watch system may be a major factor in preventing complete adaptation of physiological rhythms to shift work in the shipboard situation; this problem could be overcome by devising a system that allows sleep to be taken in a single uninterrupted block each day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381386
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Work at sea: a study of sleep, and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions, in watchkeepers on merchant vessels (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 60 (1988), S. 321-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Watchkeeping ; Circadian rhythms ; Fatigue ; Sleep ; Performance efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The safety of a ship depends substantially on its bridge watchkeepers, whose alertness and efficiency must be maintained at all hours of the day and night. Fatigue, circadian rhythms, and sleep disruption occasioned by the unusual working hours of these personnel may all affect their performance. A methodology for assessing the magnitude of this problem is proposed. The application of this methodology in a large-scale shipboard study of merchant mariners on extended voyages is then described, and details given of the techniques used to measure sleep and activity, and temporal variations in a range of physiological and psychological parameters. A summary of the data collected in the study is provided as a reference point for the reports on the different aspects of the results that follow in subsequent articles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405665
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Work at sea: a study of sleep, and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions, in watchkeepers on merchant vessels (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 60 (1988), S. 331-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Sleep length ; Sleep quality ; Sleep timing ; Watchkeeping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sleep length and sleep quality scores were collected on board ships over periods of up to two weeks from 38 watchkeepers working a ‘4-on/8-off routine’ and 29 dayworkers. All watchkeepers exhibited fragmented sleeping patterns, which indicated a lack of adaptation of the sleep/wakefulness cycle to the hours of work. There were only slight differences in total sleep length between watchkeepers and dayworkers, however, both groups did not obtain an adequate amount of sleep. Within the watchkeeping crews the 3rd Officers had by far the shortest sleep length. Concerning sleep quality, daytime sleep was generally given the lowest ratings, whereas sleep starting before midnight was on average evaluated as the best, both by watchkeepers and dayworkers. Watchkeeping personnel do not normally have any “days off” during a voyage so that missed sleep might even amount to a sleep deficit. A solution for this problem could perhaps be a new, stabilized system that allows a single uninterrupted sleep, which is required for full recuperation, to be taken each day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405666
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Work at sea: a study of sleep, and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions, in watchkeepers on merchant vessels (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 61 (1988), S. 51-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Watchkeeping ; Sleep ; Circadian rhythms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A trial of an alternative to the traditional 4-on/8-off watchkeeping system was made on a container ship during a round trip from Europe to the Far East. The three navigating officers on the ship operated the new system, which involved “compressed” working hours with a long unbroken period of rest, during two sections of the voyage, one of which included six stops at ports. Despite unforeseen problems arising mainly from these stops, questionnaire responses concerning the new system were not altogether unfavourable to it, and daily records kept by the officers gave some support to the hypothesis that sleep would be better than under the traditional system. However, a number of difficulties were encountered; these are discussed in relation to the design of future studies of alternative watchkeeping systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381607
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase shift in temperature rhythm ffter transmeridian flight, as related to pre-flight phase angle (1979)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 42 (1979), S. 149-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Circadian rhythm ; Body ; temperature ; Transmeridian flight ; Individual differences ; Phase shift
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Further analysis of temperature rhythms obtained in an earlier study of 38 subjects subjected to an 8-h eastward transmeridian flight showed that the extent to which the phase of the rhythm was shifted after the flight was related to the phase angle of the pre-flight rhythm. “Late peakers” shifted more than ”early peakers”, and this difference between the two types was still as large after 12 days in the new time zone as on the first day. Because the phase-shift was an “advance” one, this meant that the pre-flight individual differences in phase-angle were abolished by the flight, and had not re-appeared by the end of the observation period. It is suggested that this may have been due to an increase in the rigidity of the routine in the post-flight stage of the study, and that a similar effect may also occur in a switch from day to shiftwork.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377769
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heart rate patterns in sedentary shift work: influence of circadian rhythm, meals and personality (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 60 (1988), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Heart rate ; Shift work ; Circadian rhythm ; Meals ; Personality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Heart rate was recorded at regular intervals during the course of 8-h sessions of simulated sedentary shift work performed for 12 consecutive days. Separate groups of subjects were assigned to one of three shifts, commencing either at 0400 hours (“morning” shift), 0800 hours (“day” shift) or 2200 hours (“night” shift). A major meal was taken during a break in the middle of each shift. In all groups heart rate fell during the pre-break period, but rose after the break in response to the meal. This pattern remained constant over the 12-day period in the morning and day shift groups, but in the night shift group a progressive rise in the general level of the readings, caused mainly by the adjustment of the circadian rhythm to the altered sleeep/wake cycle, was accompanied by systematic changes in the extent of both the pre-break fall and the post-meal rise. Comparison with the results of a control study of 24-h variation in base heart rate suggested that differential responses to the meal observed in the three shift groups may have been due, at least in part, to differences in their personality make-up. It is concluded that, although systematic patterns of heart rate can be observed in sedentary shift work, both the timing of the shift and the personality of the subject must be taken into account when assessing the changes in physiological state likely to occur during work sessions that include a major break for refreshment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378473
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