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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antibody-mediated lysis of the bovine subcommissural organ maintained in culture (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 107 (1995), S. 39-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Plasma membrane proteins ; Organ culture ; Immunological destruction ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a brain gland that secretes glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is an ancient and conserved secretory structure of the brain, developing very early in ontogeny. However, the function of the SCO is unknown. The secretory cells of the SCO are arranged into a single or double, irregularly shaped layer located at the interface of the CSF and nervous tissue. This has prevented its selective surgical destruction. The present investigation was designed to destroy the secretory cells of 30-day-old expiants of bovine SCO by use of an immunological approach. A membrane preparation enriched with plasma membrane of the secretory cells of the bovine SCO was obtained. This preparation was further processed to separate the structural proteins. A similar procedure was applied to obtain a fraction of integral proteins of the plasma membrane of a nonsecretory ciliated ependyma. Antisera were prepared against both preparations of integral proteins. The antiserum against the fraction obtained from the SCO cells immunostained the plasma membrane of the bovine SCO cells and in immunoblot it reacted with several proteins of the membrane preparation from SCO cells. When added to the culture medium this antibody bound to the apical plasma membrane of the secretory ependyma of the bovine SCO kept in culture; it caused the lysis of these cells when used together with complement. None of these properties were displayed by the antiserum raised against the integral proteins of the plasma membrane of the ciliated ependyma. This antiserum, however, immunostained the bovine ciliated ependyma neighboring the SCO. These results indicate that immunological surgery of the SCO in living animals may be possible to achieve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228015
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bovine Reissner’s fiber (RF) and the central canal of the spinal cord: an immunocytochemical study using a set of monoclonal antibodies against the RF-glycoproteins (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 286 (1996), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Subcommissural organ ; Reissner’s fiber ; Central canal ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The subcommissural organ secretes N-linked complex-type glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid. These glycoproteins condense to form Reissner’s fiber (RF), which extends along the fourth ventricle and central canal of the spinal cord. A set of three monoclonal antibodies (Mabs 3E6, 3B1, and 2A5) has been obtained using these glycoproteins as immunogens. Competitive and sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay methods have demonstrated that the three monoclonal antibodies are directed against different epitopes, and that there is no competition among them for their binding to glycoproteins of RF. Mab 3E6 displays immunoblotting properties that are similar to those of a polyclonal antibody against the pool of glycoproteins from RF, but that are different from those of Mabs 3B1 and 2A5. All three antibodies immunostain the bovine subcommissural organ and RF. A population of ependymal cells is stained by the polyclonal antibody, and Mabs 2A5 and 3E6, but not by Mab 3B1. The material present in a population of ependymal cells of the central canal, and the glycoproteins secreted by the subcommissural organ thus probably have partial chemical identity. Some evidence suggests that the immunoreactive ependymal cells are secretory cells. The luminal surface of the central canal is coated by a thin layer of material with immunocytochemical characteristics different from those of the ependymal cells; such a coat may correspond to material released from RF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050672
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantification of the secretory glycoproteins of the subcommissural organ by a sensitive sandwich ELISA with a polyclonal antibody and a set of monoclonal antibodies against the bovine Reissner’s fiber (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 407-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Subcommissural organ ; Reissner’s fiber ; ELISA ; Glycoproteins ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The subcommissural organ (SCO) is an ependymal brain gland that releases glycoproteins into the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid where they condense to form the Reissner’s fiber (RF). We have developed a highly sensitive and specific two-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantification of the bovine SCO secretory material. The assay was based on the use of the IgG fraction of a polyclonal antiserum against the bovine RF as capture antibody and a pool of three peroxidase-labeled monoclonal antibodies that recognize non-overlapping epitopes of the RF glycoproteins as detection antibody. The detection limit was 1 ng/ml and the working range extended from 1 to 4000 ng/ml. The calibration curve, generated with RF glycoproteins, showed two linear segments: one of low sensitivity, ranging from 1 to 125 ng/ml, and the other of high sensitivity between 125 and 4000 ng/ml. This assay was highly reproducible (mean intra- and interassay coefficient of variation 2.2% and 5.3%, respectively) and its detectability and sensitivity were higher than those of ELISAs using exclusively either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies against RF glycoproteins. The assay succeeded in detecting and measuring secretory material in crude extracts of bovine SCO, culture medium supernatant of SCO explants and incubation medium of bovine RF; however, soluble secretory material was not detected in bovine cerebrospinal fluid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051191
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for light distribution and average solar irradiance inside outdoor tubular photobioreactors for the microalgal mass culture (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 701-714 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: tubular photobioreactors ; light distribution ; average solar irradiance ; light attenuation ; microalgae mass culture ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model to estimate the solar irradiance profile and average light intensity inside a tubular photobioreactor under outdoor conditions is proposed, requiring only geographic, geometric, and solar position parameters. First, the length of the path into the culture traveled by any direct or disperse ray of light was calculated as the function of three variables: day of year, solar hour, and geographic latitude. Then, the phenomenon of light attenuation by biomass was studied considering Lambert-Beer's law (only considering absorption) and the monodimensional model of Cornet et al. (1900) (considering absorption and scattering phenomena). Due to the existence of differential wavelength absorption, none of the literature models are useful for explaining light attenuation by the biomass. Therefore, an empirical hyperbolic expression is proposed. The equations to calculate light path length were substituted in the proposed hyperbolic expression, reproducing light intensity data obtained in the center of the loop tubes. The proposed model was also likely to estimate the irradiance accurately at any point inside the culture. Calculation of the local intensity was thus extended to the full culture volume in order to obtain the average irradiance, showing how the higher biomass productivities in a Phaeodactylum tricornutum UTEX 640 outdoor chemostat culture could be maintained by delaying light limitation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 701-714, 1997.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of emulsifier type on the copolymerization of styrene and acrylic acid (1991)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 404-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this work we report the emulsion copolymerization of styrene and acrylic acid using a cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or CTAB) or an anionic (sodium dodecylsulfate or SDS) emulsifier. Latexes were stable and monodisperse with spherical particles of ∼100 nm for the CTAB latex and of ∼70 nm for the SDS latex. However, a random copolymer was produced with CTAB whereas a “blocky” copolymer was obtained with SDS. Here we propose a mechanism to explain these structural differences in terms of the relative reactivities of styrene and acrylic acid and of their initial location and distribution in the SDS and CTAB emulsions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760310604
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interpretation of dynamic mechanical measurements on butyl-acrylate vinyl-acetate based systems (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1318-1325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic mechanical measurements have been performed in order to get information on the morphology of butyl-acrylate (BuA)-vinyl-acetate (V Ac) based systems. The samples were obtained after emulsion polymerization by three different pathways: (a) Physical blending from homopolymer latexes (b) a conventional batch process leading to a BuA rich core-V Ac rich shell latex particle (c) a two-step polymerization leading to an abrupt concentration gradient Inside the particle. Films were obtained by evaporation of water at room temperature. The spectra of the films were interpreted with the help of Kerner's model, and new information has been obtained on the morphology: (i) in the simple blend (case a), the p(V Ac) latexes tend to coalesce to form the matrix; and (ii) it is possible to determine whether random copolymer formed during a polymerization process is located at the interface of p(BuA) and P(V Ac) (case b) or inside the p(BuA) inclusion (case c).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760282006
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical relaxations in polypropylene: A new experimental and theoretical approach (1989)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 27 (1989), S. 2361-2384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Accurate dynamic mechanical measurements have been performed on semicrystalline isotactic polypropylene over wide ranges of temperature and frequency. A mechanical model has been used to analyze experimental results in order to separate the behavior of amorphous and crystalline phases. The two main α and β relaxation processes have been analyzed. The β relaxation, related to the glass-rubber transition of the amorphous fraction, has been studied with the help of a physical model. The behavior is similar to that of a wholly amorphous polymer, with two characteristics: a high rubbery plateau, indicating a crosslinking effect by the crystalline phase, and a strong effect of interfaces in shear strain. Experimental data suggest the α relaxation originates within the crystalline phase and that it can be attributed to diffusion of defects. The amorphous phase plays an important role in this process, because it has to adapt itself by cooperative movements to respect the compatibility of deformations of the two phases. The formalism developed here rationalizes experimental results obtained with samples having different thermal histories.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1989.090271115
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polystyrene (1)/poly(butyl acrylate/amide type functional monomer) (2) two-stage emulsion polymers. Synthesis and thermomechanical properties of latex films (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33 (1995), S. 1559-1572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: core-shell ; N-methylol acrylamide ; N-methylol methacrylamide ; N-isobutoxy methyl acrylamide ; butyl acrylate ; polystyrene seed ; latex ; emulsion polymerization ; structured particles ; particle morphology ; functional monomers ; latex films ; phase arrangement ; mechanical properties ; film forming ; scanning electron microscopy ; annealing ; percolation ; coalescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polystyrene (PS) (1)/Poly (n-butyl acrylate (BA)/amide type functional monomer) (2) structured latex particles were prepared through emulsion polymerization varying the hydrophilicity of the functional monomer employed. The second-stage polymerization kinetics, the size and morphology of latex particles, and the location of the functional groups in the final latexes were studied, in order to relate them to the thermomechanical properties of films cast from these latexes. It has been shown that, as expected, increasing the hydrophobicity leads to a better homogeneity in the copolymer formed during the second-stage polymerization, while the more hydrophilic functional monomer partly homopolymerizes in a separate phase. However, the functionalization by all the monomers used in this work, prevents the PS seed particles to form a continuous skeleton (percolated network). Further heat treatments at 140°C do not lead to the formation of a continuous PS phase as for pure BA/pure PS two-stage particles. In addition, some thermally induced crosslinking effects are discussed in relation with the functional monomer location within the particles. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1995.090331101
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling of biomass productivity in tubular photobioreactors for microalgal cultures: Effects of dilution rate, tube diameter, and solar irradiance (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 605-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: solar irradiance ; tubular photobioreactor ; microalgal culture ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A macromodel is developed for estimating the year-long biomass productivity of outdoor cultures of microalga in tubular photobioreactors. The model evaluates the solar irradiance on the culture surface as a function of day of the year and the geographic location. In a second step, the geometry of the system is taken into account in estimating the average irradiance to which the cells are exposed. Finally, the growth rate is estimated as a function of irradiance, taking into account photoinhibition and photolimitation. The model interconnects solar irradiance (an environmental variable), tube diameter (a design variable), and dilution rate (an operating variable). Continuous cultures in two different tubular photobioreactors were analyzed using the macromodel. The biomass productivity ranged from 0.50 to 2.04 g L-1 d-1, and from 1.08 to 2.76 g L-1 d-1, for the larger and the smaller tube diameter photobioreactors, respectively. The quantum yield ranged from 1.1 to 2.2 g E-1; the higher the incident solar radiation, the lower the quantum yield. Simultaneous photolimitation and photoinhibition of outdoor cultures was observed. The model reproduced the experimental results with less than 20% error. If photoinhibition was neglected, and a growth model that considered only photolimitation was used to fit the data, the error increased to 45%, thus reflecting the inadequacy of previous outdoor growth models that disregard photoinhibition. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58: 605-616, 1998.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic mechanical behavior of poly(vinyl-methyl ether)-poly(styrene) blends (1987)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 25 (1987), S. 1847-1858 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical behavior of 10 and 20% poly(vinyl methyl ether)-polystyrene blends has been studied in the frequency range 10-5 Hz to 5 Hz and temperature range 100-450 K. Isochronal plots of modulus G′ and loss factor, tan φ, show the presence of one relaxation process at temperatures below the transition zone. A second relaxation process at intermediate temperatures but below Tg may be inferred from the breadth of the G″ frequency curves in the transition zone of both blends. This process, at 280 〈 T 〈 300 K, is independent of PVME concentration and seems to be associated with the local modes of motions of PS chains. The rheological behavior of the blends shows them to be compatible up to 20% PVME. Their G′ and G″ data cannot be shifted along a frequency axis to produce a satisfactory master curve. The departure from thermorheological simplicity is much more clearly observed in the tan φ than in the modulus-frequency plots. This departure is due to the change in the segmental correlation effects, or length, with temperature near Tg. A molecular model of the growth of microshear domains with hierarchically constrained molecular motions, given elsewhere, quantitatively agrees with the dynamic mechanical behavior.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1987.090250906
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