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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardiovascular responses to facial cooling during low and moderate intensity exercise (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 67 (1993), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Facial cooling ; Exercise ; Bradycardia ; Pressor response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate the hypothesis that facial cooling (FC) exerts a greater influence on the cardiovascular system at lower versus higher levels of exercise, this study examined the effect of facial cooling [mean (SE): 0 (2)°C at 0.8 m·s−1 wind velocity] during 30 min low [35% maximum oxygen consumption ( $$\dot V$$ O2max)] and moderate (70% $$\dot V$$ O2max) levels of cycle ergometry in the supine position. Five male subjects were assigned in random order to four exercise conditions: (1) FC at 35% $$\dot V$$ O2max(FC35), (2) no cooling (NFC35), (3) FC at 70% $$\dot V$$ O2max(FC70), and (4) no cooling (NFC70). Heart rate (f c), stroke volume (V s), and cardiac output ( $$\dot Q$$ c) were measured at rest and every 10 min of exercise using impedance cardiography. During FC35, the change in f c [mean (SE)] was significantly lower (P 〈 0.05) than NFC35 at 10 [22 (5) vs 31 (3) beats· min−1], 20 [29 (6) vs 35 (3) beats·min−1], and 30 [29 (5) vs 38 (4) beats·min−1] min. No differences in f c were observed between FC70 and NFC70. Furthermore, FC had no effect on V s or $$\dot Q$$ cat either exercise intensity. However, when comparing the FC70 and NFC70 conditions, there was a significant main effect (P〈0.05) in mean arterial pressure (P a) response with cooling despite the fact that neither V s or $$\dot Q$$ cwere different from the NFC70 control. The increase (P 〈 0.05) in the estimated change in systemic vascular resistance (▴ $$\bar P$$ a·▴ $$\dot Q$$ c −1) could partly explain the relative rise in $$\bar P$$ aat FC70. No pressor effect of cooling was observed at 35% $$\dot V$$ O2max. The results suggest that the FC condition promotes exercise bradycardia at low levels of exercise and exerts a greater pressor response during moderate exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377705
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The potential of intercropping as an alternative land use system in temperate North America (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 19 (1992), S. 253-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: intercropping ; land use ; hardwoods ; regeneration ; recreation ; temperate zone ; North America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The success of many intercropping systems in North America is attributable to the generation of a short term return from an agricultural crop during the early, unprofitable years of a longer term crop that is fruit, nuts or wood. This highly-efficient use of land and related profitability are important not only in the development of intercropping systems per se, but also in other applications which have tremendous potential independent of profitability. For example, intercropping can be effectively used during the establishment phases of hardwood plantations where it is essential to have a high level of weed control, the costs of which are often recovered with the agricultural production. Intercropping can also be used to grow trees rapidly and with a form that can be easily integrated into recreational or park situations, or urban fringe areas. In an urban context, intercropping can be used to grow trees in agricultural areas that are likely to be developed where traditional forestry options are not appropriate and the value of younger, thrifty trees may enhance property values far in excess of the cash value of the wood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118783
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Landowner perceptions and the adoption of agroforestry practices in southern Ontario, Canada (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry practices ; North America ; participatory research ; survey techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A mail-out survey questionnaire was developed by the Agroforestry group at the University of Guelph to determine the level of awareness and interest in the adoption of agroforestry systems by landusers from four townships in Wellington County, Ontario. The questionnaire investigated: (1) the current level of knowledge regarding windbreaks, woodlots and plantations, intereropping, riparian plantations and silvipasture, (2) the present level of participation in each of these systems on-farm, (3) the perceived benefits and/or drawbacks of each of these initiatives with respect to total farm income, income diversity, land rehabilitation, land value/equity, soil/water conservation, labour intensity, overhead and return on the term of investment. The majority of respondents were familiar with conventional agroforestry systems such as windbreaks and woodlots/plantations (80%, 62% respectively), therefore the level of interest in the adoption of these practices was significant (74%, 66% respectively). Response rates were lower for silvipasture, riparian plantations and intercropping, most likely as result of the low level of familiarity with these practices (20%, 32%, 4% respectively). Respondents commented that agroforestry systems would have a neutral effect on farm income, and would increase land stewardship. In some cases, interested landusers indicated a willingness to participate in agroforestry systems even though they anticipated increases in overhead and labour intensity; however, this was only true if they held land stewardship as a priority. Landusers were more concerned with the economic aspects of agroforestry, as a determinant to the future adoptability of particular practices. Age, gender, farm operation and farm size were not correlated with the adoption of agroforestry systems. The success of agroforestry programs on farms in the study area is largely dependent on the attitudes and willingness of landusers to participate in non-traditional agricultural systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705227
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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