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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 211 (1975), S. 77-93 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Intracranial sarcomas ; Sarcomatosis of meninges ; Neoplastic meningitis ; Leptomeninges ; CSF cytology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Hand von 6 Autopsiefällen wird die primäre Sarkomatose der Leptomeningen als eigener nosologischer Begriff herausgestellt. 5 männlichen Patienten stand nur 1 weiblicher gegenüber. Die Krankheitsdauer betrug in den meisten Fällen nur wenige Wochen. 2 Kleinkinder zeigten Symptome und Befunde wie bei einem umschriebenen Hirntumor, 2 ältere Erwachsene ein polyradikuloneuritisches Syndrom; 2 junge Erwachsene boten spinale Kompressionszeichen bzw. ein klinisches Mischbild. In fast allen Fällen blieben die Symptome lange Zeit fokal auf einen Teil des Nervensystems beschränkt. Der Liquor war in allen Fällen pathologisch; es fanden sich Eiweißerhöhung, Zuckererniedrigung und Pleocytosen verschiedenen Ausmaßes. Das Liquorsediment wurde in 3 Fällen cytologisch untersucht; bei allen ermöglichte der Nachweis maligner Tumorzellen die klinische Diagnose eines malignen meningealen Tumors. Die elektronenoptische Untersuchung der Liquorzellen eines Falles unterstrich den undifferenzierten Charakter der Tumorzellen. Autoptisch fanden sich keine Neoplasien außerhalb des ZNS. Eine diffuse Meningealinfiltration war schon makroskopisch bei allen Fällen zu erkennen. Histologisch wurden 3 Tumortypen unterschieden: polymorphzelliger Typ, undifferenzierte Form und Fibrosarkomatose. Das klinische Bild wird in Hinsicht auf Abgrenzung von anderen neoplastischen oder entzündlichen, insbesondere tuberkulösen Meningealinfiltrationen analysiert. Als wichtigster Schritt zur klinischen Diagnose wird die Prüfung der Liquorcytologie betrachtet. Die neuropathologischen Befunde unserer Fälle werden mit denen maligner Lymphome des ZNS, diffuser Medulloblastom-Aussaat, Melanoblastose und Gliomatose der Meningen verglichen. Auf die Herkunft der beschriebenen Tumoren wird kurz eingegangen. Die mißverständliche Bezeichnung „meningeale Meningiomatose“ für diese Geschwülste sollte fallengelassen werden.
    Notes: Summary 6 autopsy cases of primary leptomeningeal sarcomatosis are presented as a distinct nosological entity with a variable clinical picture and morphology in 5 males and 1 female. The clinical course from onset of symptoms till death ran for only a few weeks in most cases. 2 infants showed brain tumor symptoms and signs, 2 patients of advanced age presented a polyradiculoneuritic syndrome and 2 young adults had spinal cord compression symptoms and a mixed clinical form. In almost all cases, clinical symptoms and signs were for most of the course confined to one part of the neuraxis. The CSF was distinctly abnormal in all cases, showing elevated protein, depressed glucose and pleocytosis of variable extent. CSF sediment was investigated in 3 cases in all of which malignant tumor cells were found so a diagnosis of malignant meningeal tumor was made during life. Electron microscopy of CSF cells in 1 case confirmed the primitive character of the tumor cells. Complete autopsies revealed absence of any neoplasm outside of the CNS. Gross meningeal involvement was visible in all cases. Histologically, 3 tumor types were distinguished: polymorphic cell sarcoma, an undifferentiated form, and fibrosarcomatosis. Clinical data are analyzed in order to distinguish the condition from other neoplasms or infectious, especially tuberculous meningeal infiltrations. CSF cytology studies are considered the most useful step in clinical diagnosis. Neuropathological features are reviewed with stress on differentiation from malignant lymphomas of the CNS, diffusely spreading medulloblastoma, meningeal melanoblastosis and gliomatosis. The origin of meningeal sarcomatosis cells is briefly discussed. The use of the term “meningeal meningiomatosis” for this condition is deprecated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 214 (1971), S. 207-227 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Subacute Spongiform Encephalopathy ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome ; Conjugal Form ; Status Spongiosus ; Astroglia ; Nuclear Inclusions ; Slow Virus Disease ; Subakute spongiöse Encephalopathie ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrom ; Konjugale Form ; Status spongiosus ; Astroglia ; Kerneinschlüsse ; Slow Virus-Erkrankung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Klinisch-morphologischer Bericht über 9 Fälle von subakuter spongiöser Encephalopathie (Jakob-Creutzfeldt-Syndrom) im Alter von 27–71 Jahren mit einer Krankheitsdauer von 5 Wochen bis 3 Jahre bzw. einmal sogar 8 Jahre. Der klinische Verlauf zeigte 3 Stadien: neurasthenisch-ängstliches Prodromalstadium, dementes Vollbild mit cerebellar-extrapyramidalen und corticopyramidalen Symptomen und Ausgang in einem Decerebrationssyndrom. Nur 1 Fall zeigte Myoklonien, 3 weitere andere Dyskinesien.„Typische“ EEG-Veränderungen fanden sich nur in einem von 7 untersuchten Fällen. Die neuropathologische Symptomtrias — Spongiöse Umwandlung des Neuropils, Astrogliahyperplasie und Nervenzell-Schädigung — betraf vorwiegend die Großhirnrinde, Striatum und Thalamus; 3 mal bestand schwere Kleinhirnschädigung. Korrelationen zwischen Klinik, EEG und neuropathologischem Befund waren nicht faßbar. Nach der vorzugsweisen Verteilung der Rindenläsionen ließen sich 2 Hauptausbreitungsmuster — diffus und fokal — abgrenzen, die im Einzelfall eine auffallende Konstanz zeigten. Das wird als Ausdruck einer individuell variablen Reaktion des ZNS-Gewehes auf das als Slow-Virus vermutete ätiologische Agens gedeutet. Die bisher unbekannte Beobachtung eines konjugalen Auftretens der „ataktischen“ Form der JCE mit fast gleichzeitigem Erkrankungsbeginn und schwerer Kleinhirnatrophie vom Körnerzelltyp spricht für die infektiöse Genese der Erkrankung. Die Bedeutung der in 3 Fällen beobachteten Kerneinschlüsse in Astrogliazellen ist ungeklärt.
    Notes: Summary The following is a clinico-pathological report of 9 cases of subacute spongiform encephalopathy or Jakob-Creutzfeldt syndrome aged 27 to 71 years with a duration of illness from 5 weeks to 8 years. The clinical course showed 3 stages: a neurasthenic-anxious prodromal stage; full stage with dementia, cerebellar, extrapyramidal, and cortico-pyramidal symptoms; and final decerebrate state. Myoclonus was observed in one case; other dyskineasias were present in 3 more patients. “Typical” EEG findings were present only in one out of 7 examined cases. The neuropathological changes, characterized by spongy transformation of the neuropil, astroglial hyperplasia and neuronal damage, affected the cerebral cortex, striatum and thalamus. Severe cerebellar lesions were present in 3 cases. Correlations between clinical course, EEG findings and neuropathological findings could not be established. According to the predominant topographic distribution of the cortical lesions two patterns—diffuse and focal—could be separated which were observed with considerable consistency in one and the same case. These findings are believed to indicate a variable type of reaction of the CNS tissue in the individual case towards the aetiological agent, which is suggested as a slow virus. The hitherto unrecognized observation of a conjugal appearance of the “ataxic” type of JCS associated with a selective cell loss in the granular layer of the cerebellum is in favour of an infectious aetiology of the disorder. The significance of nuclear inclusions observed in the astroglia of 3 cases is obscure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Acoustic startle response ; sensitization ; amygdala ; Roman high- and low-avoidance rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the emotional reactions of two rat strains selectively bred for good and poor two-way avoidance acquisition (RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh), male animals of both strains were tested in an acoustic startle response test. They received 40 acoustic stimuli followed by 10 electric foot shocks and another 30 acoustic stimuli. RLA/Verh rats showed a significantly higher startle response compared to RHA/Verh animals, indicating a stronger emotional reaction to acoustic stimuli. In addition, the former showed a stronger response to foot shocks. Combined with earlier findings, we conclude that selection for two-way avoidance learning does not result in cognitive defects in the RLA/Verh strain but, rather, in stronger emotional reactions to fearful stimuli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Acoustic startle response ; habituation ; sensitization ; fear ; genetic differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract An increase in general responsiveness after aversive stimulation has provided a most widely accepted and well-understood sensitization paradigm. According to a second paradigm (based on the dual process theory of habituation and sensitization), not only additional aversive stimuli, but also the response-eliciting stimuli themselves, induce sensitization. To relate these two sensitization paradigms, we compared the course of startle response parameters during repetitive acoustic stimulation with the change in startle amplitude after electric footshocks in outbred Wistar and Sprague–Dawley rats. Compared to the Wistar rats used, the Sprague–Dawley rats showed a lower response decrement and a shortened latency during repetitive stimulation, both of which are indicators of increased sensitization by the startle-eliciting stimuli. In addition, the Sprague–Dawley rats also demonstrated a reduced increase in startle amplitude following footshock. This was postulated to be a consequence of the strong sensitization by startle-eliciting stimuli, which interferes with sensitization elicited by footshock. Because our Wistar and Sprague–Dawley rats did not differ in initial startle amplitude, but mainly in susceptibility to sensitization, further comparisons of these genetically different stocks of rats seem to be of potential value in studying differences in fear-motivated behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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