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  • Catechols  (2)
  • Key words Chemical carcinogens  (2)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Key words Chemical carcinogens ; List of MAK and BAT values ; Cancer risk ; carcinogen classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Carcinogenic chemicals in the work area were previously classified into three categories in section III of the German List of MAK and BAT values (the list of values on maximum workplace concentrations and bio‐logical tolerance for occupational exposures). This classification was based on qualitative criteria and reflected essentially the weight of evidence available for judging the carcinogenic potential of the chemicals. In the new classification scheme the former sections IIIA1, IIIA2, and IIIB are retained as categories 1, 2, and 3, to correspond with European Union regulations. On the basis of our advancing knowledge of reaction mechanisms and the potency of carcinogens, these three categories are supplemented with two additional categories. The essential feature of substances classified in the new categories is that exposure to these chemicals does not contribute significantly to the risk of cancer to man, provided that an appropriate exposure limit (MAK value) is observed. Chemicals known to act typically by non-genotoxic mechanisms, and for which information is available that allows evaluation of the effects of low-dose exposures, are classified in category 4. Genotoxic chemicals for which low carcinogenic potency can be expected on the basis of dose/response relationships and toxicokinetics and for which risk at low doses can be assessed are classified in category 5. The basis for a better differentiation of carcinogens is discussed, the new categories are defined, and possible criteria for classification are described. Examples for category 4 (1,4-dioxane) and category 5 (styrene) are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Chemical carcinogens ; List of MAK and BAT Values ; Cancer risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Carcinogenic chemicals in the work area are currently classified into three categories in section III of the German List of MAK and BAT Values (list of values on maximum workplace concentrations and biological tolerance for occupational exposures). This classification is based on qualitative criteria and reflects essentially the weight of evidence available for judging the carcinogenic potential of the chemicals. It is proposed that these categories – IIIA1, IIIA2, IIIB – be retained as Categories 1, 2, and 3, to correspond with European Union regulations. On the basis of our advancing knowledge of reaction mechanisms and the potency of carcinogens, these three categories are supplemented with two additional categories. The essential feature of substances classified in the new categories is that exposure to these chemicals does not contribute significantly to risk of cancer to man, provided that an appropriate exposure limit (MAK value) is observed. Chemicals known to act typically by nongenotoxic mechanisms and for which information is available that allows evaluation of the effects of low-dose exposures, are classified in Category 4. Genotoxic chemicals for which low carcinogenic potency can be expected on the basis of dose-response relationships and toxicokinetics, and for which risk at low doses can be assessed are classified in Category 5. The basis for a better differentiation of carcinogens is discussed, the new categories are defined, and possible criteria for classification are described. Examples for Category 4 (1,4-dioxane) and Category 5 (styrene) are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 39 (1977), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Catechols ; Isoproterenol ; Ethinyloestradiol ; Covalent protein binding ; Reactive metabolites ; Rat liver microsomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wenn Ratten mit 14 μg/kg 3H-Isoproterenol behandelt wurden, konnte bis 48 h danach in der Leber 3H-Radioaktivität gemessen werden. Diese Menge war nicht unterschiedlich in Lebern von Tieren, welche mit Diäthylmaleat vorbehandelt waren. Nach erschöpfender Extraktion konnte eine beträchtliche Menge an 3H-Radioaktivität aus Isoproterenol in den Proteinen von Gesamtleber (Homogenat), Cytosol und von Mikrosomen gefunden werden. In der Cytosolfraktion von Diäthylmaleat vorbehandelten Tieren wurde die zweifache Menge von Isoproterenol-Radioaktivität in den extrahierten Proteinen gefunden, im Vergleich zu Kontrollen. In der mikrosomalen Fraktion gab es keinen Unterschied bei der Radioaktivitätsmenge, die in Proteine eingebaut war. In allen Fraktionen nahm die Radioaktivität, die in den extrahierten Proteinen meßbar war, mit einer Halbwertszeit von etwa 24 h ab. Die in vivo-Ergebnisse über kovalente Proteinbindung von Isoproterenol werden verglichen mit der irreversiblen Proteinbindung von Äthinylöstradiol in vivo. Quantitativ werden diese in vivo-Befunde mit den Resultaten zur irreversiblen Proteinbindung verglichen, die während Inkubationen von Isoproterenol oder Äthinylöstradiol mit Rattenlebermikrosomen erhalten wurden.
    Notes: Abstract When rats were dosed with 14 μg/kg 3H-isoproterenol, 3H-radioactivity was measurable in the liver until 48 h. This amount was not different in livers of animals which have been pretreated with diethyl maleate. After exhaustive extraction, a significant amount of 3H-radioactivity from isoproterenol could be detected in the proteins of total liver (homogenate), of cytosol and of microsomes. In the cytosol fraction of diethyl maleate pretreated animals twice the amount of isoproterenol-radioactivity was found in the extracted proteins compared to controls. In the microsomal fraction there was no difference between diethyl maleate pretreated and control animals in the amount of radioactivity incorporated into proteins. In all fractions the radioactivity measurable in the extracted proteins declined with a half life time of about 24 h. The in vivo results on covalent binding of isoproterenol are compared to the irreversible protein binding of ethinyloestradiol in vivo. Quantitatively, these in vivo data are compared to the results on irreversible protein binding obtained during incubations of isoproterenol or ethinyloestradiol with rat liver microsomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Catechols ; Pyrogallols ; Lipid peroxidation ; Liver microsomes ; Carbon tetrachloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lipid peroxidation was induced in rat liver microsomes either by iron-ADP-complexes or by carbon tetrachloride in the presence of NADPH. Different compounds containing catechol or pyrogallol structures were examined for their activities to inhibit lipid peroxidation in both systems. In general, all compounds tested showed similar inhibitory activities on lipid peroxidation, if induced by ferrous ion-ADP-complexes or by carbon tetrachloride. This inhibition is explained by the suggestion that catechols and pyrogallos inhibit at the lipid site of the membrane, rather than at the enzymic site. Compounds not containing catechol or pyrogallol groups inhibited lipid peroxidation only weakly. O-Methylation resulted in a decrease of the inhibitory effect. Catecholor pyrogallol-derivatives which contained polar functional side chains, like carboxyl- or amino groups showed minor inhibitory effects compared to the esterified or N-alkylated compounds. Dihydroxychlorpromazine, 2-hydroxy-estradiol and 2-hydroxyethinylestradiol were the most effective inhbitors of microsomal lipid peroxidation (I50-values of 1×10−6 to 2×10−7 M). The inhibitory activity of α-tocopherol, glutathione and ascorbic acid, naturally occurring antioxidants, was about three orders of magnitude lower. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation induced by NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and iron-ADP-complexes in the presence of NADPH and liposomes was also observed with catechols. From our results we assume that the molecular structure of a catechol or pyrogallol functional group is a prequisite for an effective inhibition of lipid peroxidation by these chemicals. Furthermore, the results are discussed in relation to the requisite membrane affinity of catechols, pyrogallols and other antioxidants which might be used for inhibition studies on lipid peroxidation in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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