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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 8 (1987), S. 284-291 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: tyrosination ; acetylation ; post-translational modifications ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have examined the distribution of acetylated α-tubulin using immunofluorescence microscopy in fibroblastic cells of rat brain meaninges. Meningeal fibroblasts showed heterogenous staining patterns with a monoclonal antibody against acetylated α-tubulin ranging from staining of primary cilia or microtubule-organising centers (MTOCs) alone to extensive microtubule networks. Staining with a broad spectrum anti-α-tubulin monoclonal indicated that all cells possessed cytoplasmic microtubule networks. From double-labeling experiments using an antibody against acetylated α-tubulin (6-11B-1) and antibodies against either tyrosinated or detyrosinated α-tubulin, it was found that acetylated α-tubulin and tyrosinated α-tubulin were often segregated to different microtubules. The microtubules containing acetylated but not tyrosinated α-tubulin were cold stable. Therefore, it appeared that in general meningeal cells possessed two subset of microtubules: One subset contained detyrosinated and acetylated α-tubulin and was cold stable, and the other contained tyrosinated α-tubulin and was cold labile. These results are consistent with the idea that acetylation and detyrosination of α-tubulin are involved in the specification of stable microtubules.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 27 (1994), S. 272-283 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell cycle ; transcription ; mRNA decay ; autoregulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The single alpha-tubulin gene of Tetrahymena thermophila was isolated from a genomic library and shown to encode a single protein. Comparisons of the rates of evolution of this gene with other alpha-tubulin sequences revealed that it belongs to a group of more evolutionarily constrained alpha-tubulin proteins in animals, plants, and protozoans versus the group of more rapidly evolving fungal and variant animal alpha-tubulins. The single alpha-tubulin of Tetrahymena must be used in a variety of microtubule structures, and we suggest that equivalently conserved alpha-tubulins in other organisms are evolutionarily constrained because they, too, are multifunctional. Reduced constraints on fungal tubulins are consistent with their simpler microtubule systems. The animal variant alpha-tubulins may also have diverged because of fewer functional requirements or they could be examples of specialized tubulins. To analyze the role of tubulin gene expression in regulation of the complex microtubule system of Tetrahymena, alpha-tubulin mRNA amounts were examined in a number of cell states. Message levels increased in growing versus starved cells and also during early stages of conjugation. These changes were correlated with increases in transcription rates. Additionally, alpha-tubulin mRNA levels oscillate in a cell cycle dependent fashion caused by changes in both transcription and decay rates. Therefore, as in other organisms, Tetrahymena adjusts alpha-tubulin message amounts via message decay. However the complex control of alpha-tubulin mRNA during the Tetrahymena life cycle involves regulation of both decay and transcription rates. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 10 (1988), S. 438-449 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: tyrosinated microtubules ; organelle distribution/transport ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have recently shown that acetylated α-tubulin containing microtubules (acety1-MTs; labeled by antibody 6-11B-1) constitute a cold-stable subset of the microtubule network of nonneuronal cells in rat primary forebrain cultures [Cambray-Deakin and Burgoyne: Cell Motil. 8(3):284-291, 1987b]. In contrast, tyrosinated α-tubulin containing MTs (tyr-MTs; labeled by antibody YL1/2) are cold-labile. Here we have examined the distribution of acety1-MTs and tyr-MTs in cultures of newborn rat forebrain astrocytes and simultaneously investigated the distribution of mitochondria and glial filaments. In double-label immunofluorescence experiments a marked colocalisation of acetyl-MTs and glial filament bundles was observed. Tyr-MTs did not show a similar colocalisation with glial filament bundles. Furthermore, the distribution of mitochondria closely followed that of the acetyl-MT and glial filament bundles. When cells were exposed to short-term (30-min) treatments with MT-disrupting agents such as colchicine and nocodazole, the tyr-MT network was removed but the distributions of acetyl-MTs, glial filaments, and mitochondria were unchanged. Increased exposure to colchicine (9-16 hr) caused a progressive disruption of the acetyl-MTs and the collapse of glial filaments and mitochondria to the perinuclear region. These results suggest that acetyl-MTs and glial filaments but not tyr-MTs may be involved in the intracellular transport of organelles and/or in the control of their cytoplasmic distribution.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: multitubulin hypothesis ; neighbor-joining method ; ciliate ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have cloned and sequenced the two β-tubulin genes of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. The two genes encode identical 443 amino acid peptides which are 99.7% identical to the β-tubulin proteins of T. pyriformis and 95% identical to human β1 tubulin. T. thermophila contains only one β-tubulin gene (Callahan et al., 1984: Cell 36:441-445). Thus, all of the extremely diverse microtubule structures in this unicellular organism can be formed from a single α- and a single β-tubulin peptide. We have also carried out a phylogenetic analysis of 84 complete β-tubulin peptide sequences. This analysis supports two hypotheses regarding β-tubulin evolution and function: (1) Multifunctional β-tubulins are under greater evolutionary constraint than β-tubulins present in specialized cells or in cells with very few microtubule related functions, which can evolve rapidly; and (2) Cells which form axonemes maintain a homogeneous population of tubulins. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 25 (1990), S. 237-246 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Seminal vesicle ; Prostate ; Bulbourethral gland ; Seminal plasma ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Heparin binds to bovine sperm and stimulates capacitation in vitro. Seminal plasma alters the ability of epididymal sperm to bind heparin, and several heparin-binding proteins (HBPs) have been identified in bull seminal plasma. This study had three objectives: (1) to identify production sites of seminal plasma HBPs, (2) to determine which HBPs bound to cauda epididymal sperm, and (3) to determine whether presence of HBPs was testosterone dependent. Proteins from bull or rat seminal vesicles, prostates, and bulbourethral glands were separated by heparin affinity high-performance liquid chromatography. HBPs were found in all accessory glands of rats and bulls, but the major source of bovine seminal plasma HBPs appeared to be seminal vesicles. Between 25% and 50% of the protein from each gland bound to the heparin column, and NaCl concentrations required to elute proteins ranged from 0.15 to 1.4 M. One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that major HBPs were relatively small, with molecular weights between 13 and 31 kDa, but some HBPs also exhibited higher molecular weights, between 40 and 100 kDa. Radioiodinated HBPs from each bovine gland were incubated with epididymal sperm. Labeled HBPs binding to sperm exhibited molecular weights of 14, 16, 24, and 30 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. The HBP content of the accessory sex glands decreased significantly in castrated rats and was restored to levels of sham-operated controls by testosterone replacement. Heparin-binding proteins may play a role in fertilization by attaching to sperm surfaces, enabling heparin-like glycosaminoglycans in the female reproductive tract to induce capacitation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 38 (1994), S. 16-23 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Mammalian germ cell differentiation ; Gene expression ; Meiosis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Previous studies have shown that in adult male mice, expression of the meg1 gene is restricted to meiotic and early postmeiotic testicular germ cells. We have now analyzed the expression of meg1 during postnatal testicular development and the comparable meiotic stages in the female. The 0.75 kb transcript for meg1 begins to accumulate in testes at d8-9 of postnatal (pn) development, coincident with the entry of germ cells into meiosis, and is expressed most abundantly at pn d14 and subsequent stages, when the spermatocytes have entered pachytene. In situ hybridization analysis shows that meg1 is expressed at very low levels in leptotene cells and increases as the cells progress through zygotene and pachytene stages. In the embryonic ovary, meg1 is not detected until after day 15 of gestation when the cells have entered the pachytene stage of meiosis I. In situ hybridization analysis suggests that meg1 transcripts are expressed at higher levels in degenerating rather than in healthy pachytene stage oocytes; meg1 is not expressed in any cells of the adult ovary, regardless of the stage of follicular development. These results suggest that meg1 is indeed a meiosis-associated gene in both male and female germ cells through the pachytene stage of meiosis I and appears to exhibit sex-specific differences in its expression thereafter. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 138 (1989), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells respond to the binding of nerve growth factor (NGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) by extending neurites in a manner resembling sympathetic neurons. This response requires cell attachment to an appropriate substratum (Fujii et al., J. Neurosci., 2:1157, 1982); attachment factors which function in this capacity include the adhesive proteins fibronectin and laminin. Incubating PC12 cells with a ployclonal antiserum directed against a putative 140-kDa fibroblast cell surface fibronectin receptor (anti-gp140) perturbed spreading but not attachment of the cells to fibronectin and laminin substrates. However, in the presence of anti-gp 140 or its Fab fragments, NGF-stimulated neurite outgrowth was dramatically reduced. The antibody also caused a retraction of previously extended neurites. SDS-PAGE analysis of immunoprecipitates of PC12 cells surface labeled with 125I identified a prominent 120-140-kDa band, suggesting that the site of anti-gp 140 action in PC12 cells is also through a fibronectin receptor.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Solid State Reactivity and Mechanisms in Oxide Systems. III. On the Formation of ZnFe2O4 from ZnO and α-Fe2O3Depending on the way of preparation α-Fe2O3 powder of comparable morphologic constitution show different behaviour in the reaction with ZnO. α-Fe2O3 prepared from geothite shows a high reactivity. The time dependence of the reaction rate follows a logarithmic law. The powder mixture reaction is compared with the data of the reaction of ZnO and α-Fe2O3 in a sandwich arrangement taken from the literature.
    Notes: α-Fe2O3-Pulver verhalten sich je nach der präparativen Vorgeschichte selbst bei vergleichbarer morphologischer Konstitution in der Reaktion mit ZnO unterschiedlich. α-Fe2O3 aus Goethit weist eine hohe Reaktivität auf. Der Reaktionsverlauf kann durch ein logarithmisches Zeitgesetz beschrieben werden. Die Umsetzung in der Pulvermischung wird mit dem zeitlichen Verlauf der Reaktion aneinandergefügter ZnO- und α-Fe2O3-Sinterpreßlinge nach Literaturangaben verglichen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 375 (1970), S. 166-170 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: From calorimetric and potentiometric measurements of equilibria between 3d ions and N-(o-carboxyphenyl)-iminodiacetic acid and N-2-carboxyethyl-iminodiacetic acid, respectively, we have determined the influence on the complex formation of a benzene ring being bound to a chelate ring. On the one hand the aromatic system modifies the qualities of the donor atoms by inductive and mesomeric interaction, and thus the ligand field stabilisation energy, and on the other hand it diminishes the mobility of the free ligand. These effects become evident in the ΔG, ΔH and ΔS values.
    Notes: Durch calorimetrische und potentiometrische Messungen an Lösungsgleichgewichten zwischen 3d-Ionen und Anthranilsäure-N,N-diessigsäure bzw. β-Alanin-N,N-diessigsäure konnte der Einfluß bestimmt werden, den ein Benzolring, der an ein Metallchelat gebunden ist, auf die Komplexbildung ausübt. Das aromatische System verändert einmal durch mesomere und induktive Wechselwirkungen die Donoreigenschaften der Haftatome und dadurch auch die Ligandenfeldstabilisierungsenergie und verringert andererseits die Beweglichkeit des freien Liganden. Diese Effekte kommen in den Reaktionsenthalpien und -entropien deutlich zum Ausdruck.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: N-(2-Carboxyphenyl)iminodiacetic acid (H3A) and N-(2,5-dicarboxyphenyl)iminodiacetic acid (H4B) are tetradentate ligands and form complexes of the composition MA- and MB2- with MII ions. These compounds differ by the additional charge of the second carboxylic group only, which is fixed to the benzene nucleus and which is unable for coordination for steric reasons.Using an anisothermal calorimeter ΔH values for the formation of the complexes MA- and MB2- in aqueous solution have been measured at an ionic strength 0.1 m KNO3. From these data, and from the stability constants of the complexes, entropy changes ΔS have been calculated.In all cases investigated (Mm+ = H+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+) the ΔH values are more negative for the complexes MAm-3 than for complexes MBm-4, whereas the ΔS values are greater for complexes MBm-4. Using a simple model for the molecules of the complexes MBm-4 and empirically determined dielectric constants of the medium between the central ions and the noncoordinated ionized carboxylic group, the electrostatic attraction between these charges was calculated. Basing on these results the influence of the noncoordinated carboxylic group on the central atom by the mesomeric and inductive effect is discussed.
    Notes: Anthranilsäure-N,N-diessigsäure (H3A) und Aminoterephthalsäure-N,N-diessigsäure (H4B) bilden mit Erdalkalimetall- und zweiwertigen 3d-Ionen Komplexe der Zusammensetzung MeA- und MeB2-. Diese Verbindungen unterscheiden sich voneinander nur dadurch, daß in den Komplexen MeB2- die Carboxylatgruppe in 4-Stellung durch ihre Ladung auf die in der Koordinationssphäre gebundenen Zentralionen einmal direkt rein elektrostatisch, andererseits aber auch indirekt über das π-Elektronen-system des Benzols einen zusätzlichen Einfluß ausübt. Durch kalorimetrische Untersuchungen und durch Gleichgewichtsmessungen wurden ΔG, ΔH und ΔS für die Bildung dieser Komplexe in wäßriger Lösung bestimmt. In allen untersuchten Fällen (Mem+ = H+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+) ist ΔH für die Bildung der Komplexe MeAm-3 stärker negativ als für MeBm-4, während letztere in jedem Falle entropiestabilisiert sind. Unter Verwendung eines einfachen Molekülmodells für die Komplexe sowie empirisch ermittelter Dielektrizitätskonstanten für das Medium zwischen den Zentralionen und der ionisierten Carboxylgruppe wurde die elektrostatische Anziehung zwischen diesen Ladungsträgern berechnet. Daraus konnte der Einfluß abgeschätzt werden, den die Carboxylatgruppe durch Mesomerie und Induktion auf die koordinierten Metallionen ausübt.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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