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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Central venous catheter ; Bacterial colonization ; Antimicrobial coating ; Teicoplanin ; Catheter-related infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective Antibioticcoated intravascular catheters may be an effective means of decreasing bacterial colonization and subsequent catheter-related infection. The present study was designed to investigate the retention of the antibiotic teicoplanin on a hydromer-coated intravenous catheter and the effect of this antibiotic coating on catheter bacterial colonization. Design A prospective, randomized pilot study. Setting Operating rooms (ORs) and an intensive care unit (ICU) at a university hospital. Patients A consecutive group of 20 male patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Interventions Control (C,n=10) or teicoplanin-coated (T;n=10) single-lumen central venous catheters were inserted before surgery in the OR. Catheters were withdrawn at the discretion of the physicians in the ICU after various periods. Measurements The teicoplanin content of the catheter material was assessed using a bioassay withBacillus subtilis after complete elution of the antibiotic from the catheter. Bacterial colonization was measured using a quanitative culture technique after the catheter lumen had been flushed and the catheter segments sonicated. Main results Nearly three-quarters of the initial teicoplanin coating (374±103 μg; mean±SD) were released during the first day of catheterization, and after 36 h of intravenous catheterization, no antibiotic was retained on the catheter. No significant difference could be found either in the incidence of bacterial colonization between test (n=3) and control (n=4) catheters or in the number of colony-forming units (CFU) on the catheter segments (T, 263±104 CFU/cm; C, 372±294 CFU/cm; mean±SEM). Conclusion The retention of teicoplanin antibiotic coating on hydromer catheters is only short term if catheters are inserted intravenously. This may limit clinical antibacterial efficacy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Inhalationsanästhesie ; Sevofluran ; Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse ; Kostenkontrolle ; Key words Anaesthetics ; Inhalation ; Sevoflurane ; Cost-effectiveness ; Cost control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The economic impact of the new German health care laws requires an awareness of cost-effectiveness when using newer drugs. The main goal in patient care, i.e., effective treatment, must be achieved by the rational use of restricted resources at a maximum degree of effectiveness. Economic aspects of the new inhalational anaesthetics such as sevoflurane are discussed in this article. The cost of inhalational anaesthetic agents accounts for up to 5% of all the running expenses of an anaesthesia department. The consumption and cost of an inhalational agent depend on fresh gas flow, vapour setting, and duration of anaesthesia. Comparing the cost for 1 MAC-h of anaesthesia, desflurane is more expensive at current market prices than sevoflurane and isoflurane. However, at low or minimal fresh-gas flows, the price for one MAC-h is almost the same for these volatile anaesthetics. Total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol is even more expensive, partly due to wastage, i.e., opened ampoules with a remainder of propofol that has to be discarded after each case. When choosing an anaesthetic agent, the price of 1 ml liquid anaesthetic is an important factor. However, the overall cost-effectiveness analysis must balance the cost of the agent with its pharmacodynamic advantages such as more rapid recovery from anaesthesia. Furthermore, the indirect costs of side effects have to be taken into account. For example, nausea and vomiting lead to a prolonged stay in the recovery room after anaesthesia for outpatient surgery, which in turn incurs additional costs for antiemetic drugs and the extra time for nursing care. Therefore, a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting and a more rapid recovery from anaesthesia leading to earlier discharge from the recovery room may compensate for the higher price. Volatile agents account for up to 1% of the total intraoperative costs. In analysing the costs of 1 h of anaesthesia, other products such as plasma substitutes and blood products account for a much higher proportion than anaesthetic agents, and reductions or increases in costs pertaining to these products have a bigger impact on overall costs than do volatile anaesthetics. We conclude that volatile anaesthetics account for only a minor portion of the anaesthesia department budget and the cost of anaesthesia delivery. The higher market price of the new agents may be compensated for by the economic impact of fewer side effects and a shorter post-anaesthesia stay in the hospital. In analysing data for sevoflurane, this agent may be cost-effective, for example, for outpatient anaesthesia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die veränderten ökonomischen Bedingungen aufgrund des Gesundheitsstrukturgesetztes machen Kosten-Effektivitätsanalysen bei der Einführung neuer Medikamente erforderlich. Das Hauptziel der Patientenversorgung, nämlich die effektivste Behandlung, muß unter maximaler Effizienzsteigerung angesichts der beschränkten Ressourcen erreicht werden. Am Beispiel der modernen Inhalationsanästhetika, insbesondere des Sevofluran, werden die für den Anästhesisten ökonomisch relevanten Aspekte dargestellt. Inhalationsanästhetika verursachen nur ca. 5% der Sachkosten einer Anästhesieabteilung. Die Kosten für eine einzelne Inhalationsanästhesie hängen neben den Einkaufskosten für diese Substanzen im wesentlichen von dem Frischgasfluß, der Vaporeinstellung und der Anästhesiedauer ab. Beim Vergleich einer MAC-Stunde ist bei den aktuellen Preisen die Inhalationsanästhesie mit Desfluran teurer als die mit Sevofluran oder Isofluran, wobei sich jedoch unter low- und minimal-flow Bedingungen die Kosten annähern. Die Kosten für das Inhalationsanästhetikum betragen bis zu 1% der intraoperativen Kosten einer Fallpauschale. Andere Faktoren wie z.B. die Personalkosten oder die Sachkosten für Plasmasubstitute oder Blutprodukte sind für höhere Kostenanteile verantwortlich, so daß sich Einsparungen oder Mehrkosten in diesen Bereichen wesentlich stärker auswirken als bei dem Kostenfaktor Inhalationsanästhetikum. Eine Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse am Beispiel der Inhalationsanästhetika muß nicht nur den Einkaufspreis der jeweiligen Substanz, sondern die Gesamtkosten mit einschließen, die durch unterschiedliche Nebenwirkungen oder differente postnarkostisch notwendige Überwachungszeiten bedingt sind. Am Beispiel des Sevofluran kann nach den bisherigen Daten für einige Einsatzgebiete wie z.B. die ambulante Tageschirurgie errechnet werden, daß dieses Inhalationsanästhetikum aufgrund der kürzeren notwendigen Betreuung im Aufwachraum trotz des höheren Einkaufspreises kosteneffektiv ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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