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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Prämedikation ; Präoperative Nahrungskarenz ; Kinderanästhesie ; Umfrage ; Midazolam ; Key words Premedication ; Preoperative fasting ; Pediatric anaesthesia ; Survey ; Midazolam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract This study evaluates the current practice of premedication and preoperative fasting in pediatric anaesthesia in Germany. A total of 90 questionnaires were mailed to randomly selected hospitals with departments or sections of anaesthesiology and pediatric surgery. 71 questionnaires were returned and analysed (reply rate 79%). 60% of the responding hospitals start premedication between the ages of 3 and 12 months and 32% between 1 and 2 years of age. Premedication ist most often given orally (64%), followed by rectal (29%) and intranasal (3%) routes. Midazolam is used by 96% of the respondents as the primary sedative premedication. Alternatively, promethazine and chloraldhydrate are most frequently used. Anticholinergic drugs are given routinely by 21% of the respondents. For the apprehensive child intramuscular ketamine is most often used (33%), followed by intranasal midazolam (22%), rectal midazolam (19%) and rectal thiopentone or methohexitone (13%). For children less than 1 year of age 63% of the hospitals restrict clear liquids 2 hours and 34% 3 or 4 hours before anaesthesia. 64% of the respondents require abstinence from milk for 4 hours and 30% for 6 hours prior to surgery. For children older than one year of age fasting period requirements for clear liquids were 2 hours (34%), 3 hours (27%), 4 hours (30%) and 6 hours (9%). For children over 1 year of age the majority allow solid food or milk up to 6 hours prior to anaesthesia (68% and 63%, respectively). The survey shows that premedication is started during the first two years of age by nearly all responding hospitals. Oral or rectal midazolam is the most frequently used premedication regimen. Preoperative fasting guidelines vary.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung und Methodik: Die Untersuchung soll Einblick in die gegenwärtige Prämedikationspraxis in der Kinderanästhesie in Deutschland geben. Hierzu wurden 90 deutsche Kliniken, die über Abteilungen für Anästhesie und Kinderchirurgie verfügen, zufällig ausgewählt und zum Prämedikationsregime und zur Handhabung der präoperativen Nahrungskarenz befragt. Ergebnisse: 71 Fragebögen (Rücklaufquote 79%) wurden zurückgesandt und ausgewertet. 60% der Kliniken führen eine Prämedikation schon im Alter von 3 bis 12 Monaten durch, 32% beginnen damit zwischen dem 1. und 2. Lebensjahr. An 64% der Kliniken wird die Prämedikation oral verabreicht, 29% bevorzugen die rektale Applikation. 96% der befragten Kliniken verwenden primär Midazolam. Alternativ werden am häufigsten Promethazin und Chloralhydrat (9 bzw. 7 Nennungen) verwendet. 21% der Kliniken verabreichen ein Anticholinergikum in fester Kombination mit der Prämedikationssubstanz. Beim „unkooperativen” Kind auf der Station oder in der OP-Schleuse ändern 84% der Kliniken ihr Prämedikationsregime. 33% der Kliniken gaben an, in diesem Fall auf Ketamin intramuskulär umzustellen, 22% wechseln zu Midazolam nasal. 32% der Kliniken weichen auf die rektale Applikation von Midazolam (19%) oder Methohexital bzw. Thiopental (13%) aus. Neben dem Prämedikationsregime wurden auch die Richtlinien zur präoperativen Nahrungskarenz für feste Nahrung, Milch und klare Flüssigkeit erfaßt. Bei Kindern unter einem Jahr fordern 63% der Kliniken eine 2stündige und jeweils 17% eine 3- bzw. 4stündige Nahrungskarenz für klare Flüssigkeit. 64% der Kliniken wenden bei Kindern unter einem Jahr für Milch eine 4stündige und 30% eine 6stündige Nahrungskarenz an. Bei Kindern über einem Jahr verteilen sich die Angaben zur Nahrungskarenz für klare Flüssigkeit auf 2 h (34%), 3 h (27%), 4 h (30%) und 6 h (9%). Für Kinder über 1 Jahr wird vom überwiegenden Teil der Kliniken eine 6stündige Nahrungskarenz für Milch (63%) und feste Nahrung (68%) gefordert. Schlußfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß mit der medikamentösen Prämedikation an nahezu allen befragten Kliniken bereits innerhalb der ersten zwei Lebensjahre begonnen wird. Midazolam, oral oder rektal verabreicht, stellt das dominierende Prämedikationsregime dar. Die präoperative Nahrungskarenz wird von den Kliniken unterschiedlich gehandhabt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Inhalationsanästhesie ; Sevofluran ; Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse ; Kostenkontrolle ; Key words Anaesthetics ; Inhalation ; Sevoflurane ; Cost-effectiveness ; Cost control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The economic impact of the new German health care laws requires an awareness of cost-effectiveness when using newer drugs. The main goal in patient care, i.e., effective treatment, must be achieved by the rational use of restricted resources at a maximum degree of effectiveness. Economic aspects of the new inhalational anaesthetics such as sevoflurane are discussed in this article. The cost of inhalational anaesthetic agents accounts for up to 5% of all the running expenses of an anaesthesia department. The consumption and cost of an inhalational agent depend on fresh gas flow, vapour setting, and duration of anaesthesia. Comparing the cost for 1 MAC-h of anaesthesia, desflurane is more expensive at current market prices than sevoflurane and isoflurane. However, at low or minimal fresh-gas flows, the price for one MAC-h is almost the same for these volatile anaesthetics. Total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol is even more expensive, partly due to wastage, i.e., opened ampoules with a remainder of propofol that has to be discarded after each case. When choosing an anaesthetic agent, the price of 1 ml liquid anaesthetic is an important factor. However, the overall cost-effectiveness analysis must balance the cost of the agent with its pharmacodynamic advantages such as more rapid recovery from anaesthesia. Furthermore, the indirect costs of side effects have to be taken into account. For example, nausea and vomiting lead to a prolonged stay in the recovery room after anaesthesia for outpatient surgery, which in turn incurs additional costs for antiemetic drugs and the extra time for nursing care. Therefore, a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting and a more rapid recovery from anaesthesia leading to earlier discharge from the recovery room may compensate for the higher price. Volatile agents account for up to 1% of the total intraoperative costs. In analysing the costs of 1 h of anaesthesia, other products such as plasma substitutes and blood products account for a much higher proportion than anaesthetic agents, and reductions or increases in costs pertaining to these products have a bigger impact on overall costs than do volatile anaesthetics. We conclude that volatile anaesthetics account for only a minor portion of the anaesthesia department budget and the cost of anaesthesia delivery. The higher market price of the new agents may be compensated for by the economic impact of fewer side effects and a shorter post-anaesthesia stay in the hospital. In analysing data for sevoflurane, this agent may be cost-effective, for example, for outpatient anaesthesia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die veränderten ökonomischen Bedingungen aufgrund des Gesundheitsstrukturgesetztes machen Kosten-Effektivitätsanalysen bei der Einführung neuer Medikamente erforderlich. Das Hauptziel der Patientenversorgung, nämlich die effektivste Behandlung, muß unter maximaler Effizienzsteigerung angesichts der beschränkten Ressourcen erreicht werden. Am Beispiel der modernen Inhalationsanästhetika, insbesondere des Sevofluran, werden die für den Anästhesisten ökonomisch relevanten Aspekte dargestellt. Inhalationsanästhetika verursachen nur ca. 5% der Sachkosten einer Anästhesieabteilung. Die Kosten für eine einzelne Inhalationsanästhesie hängen neben den Einkaufskosten für diese Substanzen im wesentlichen von dem Frischgasfluß, der Vaporeinstellung und der Anästhesiedauer ab. Beim Vergleich einer MAC-Stunde ist bei den aktuellen Preisen die Inhalationsanästhesie mit Desfluran teurer als die mit Sevofluran oder Isofluran, wobei sich jedoch unter low- und minimal-flow Bedingungen die Kosten annähern. Die Kosten für das Inhalationsanästhetikum betragen bis zu 1% der intraoperativen Kosten einer Fallpauschale. Andere Faktoren wie z.B. die Personalkosten oder die Sachkosten für Plasmasubstitute oder Blutprodukte sind für höhere Kostenanteile verantwortlich, so daß sich Einsparungen oder Mehrkosten in diesen Bereichen wesentlich stärker auswirken als bei dem Kostenfaktor Inhalationsanästhetikum. Eine Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse am Beispiel der Inhalationsanästhetika muß nicht nur den Einkaufspreis der jeweiligen Substanz, sondern die Gesamtkosten mit einschließen, die durch unterschiedliche Nebenwirkungen oder differente postnarkostisch notwendige Überwachungszeiten bedingt sind. Am Beispiel des Sevofluran kann nach den bisherigen Daten für einige Einsatzgebiete wie z.B. die ambulante Tageschirurgie errechnet werden, daß dieses Inhalationsanästhetikum aufgrund der kürzeren notwendigen Betreuung im Aufwachraum trotz des höheren Einkaufspreises kosteneffektiv ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Central venous catheter ; Bacterial colonization ; Antimicrobial coating ; Teicoplanin ; Catheter-related infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Antibiotic-coated intravascular catheters may be an effective means of decreasing bacterial colonization and subsequent catheter-related infection. The present study was designed to investigate the retention of the antibiotic teicoplanin on a hydromer-coated intravenous catheter and the effect of this antibiotic coating on catheter bacterial colonization. Design: A prospective, randomized pilot study. Setting: Operating rooms (ORs) and an intensive care unit (ICU) at a university hospital. Patients: A consecutive group of 20 male patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Interventions: Control (C, n=10) or teicoplanin-coated (T; n=10) single-lumen central venous catheters were inserted before surgery in the OR. Catheters were withdrawn at the discretion of the physicians in the ICU after various periods. Measurements: The teicoplanin content of the catheter material was assessed using a bioassay with Bacillus subtilis after complete elution of the antibiotic from the catheter. Bacterial colonization was measured using a quanitative culture technique after the catheter lumen had been flushed and the catheter segments sonicated. Main results: Nearly three-quarters of the initial teicoplanin coating (374±103 μg; mean±SD) were released during the first day of catheterization, and after 36 h of intravenous catheterization, no antibiotic was retained on the catheter. No significant difference could be found either in the incidence of bacterial colonization between test (n=3) and control (n=4) catheters or in the number of colony-forming units (CFU) on the catheter segments (T, 263±104 CFU/cm; C, 372±294 CFU/cm; mean±SEM). Conclusion: The retention of teicoplanin antibiotic coating on hydromer catheters is only short term if catheters are inserted intravenously. This may limit clinical antibacterial efficacy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Thermodilution cardiac output ; Continuous monitoring ; Postoperative intensive care ; Extubation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Commercially available semi-continuous cardiac output (SCCO) monitoring systems are based on the pulsed warm thermodilution technique. There is evidence that SCCO fails to correlate with standard intermittent bolus cardiac output (ICO) in clinical situations with thermal instability in the pulmonary artery. Furthermore, ventilation may potentially influence thermodilution measurements by enhanced respiratory variations in pulmonary artery blood temperature and by cyclic changes in venous return. Therefore, we evaluated the correlation, accuracy and precision of SCCO versus ICO measurements before and after extubation. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital. Patients and participants: 22 cardiac surgical ICU patients. Interventions: None. Measurements and results: SCCO and ICO data were obtained at nine postoperative time points while the patients were on controlled mechanical ventilation. Further sets of measurements were taken during the weaning phase 20 min before extubation, and 5 min, 20 min and 1 h after extubation. SCCO and ICO measurements yielded 286 data pairs with a range of 1.8–9.9 l/min for SCCO and 1.9–9.8 l/min for ICO. The correlation between SCCO and ICO was highly significant (r=0.92; p〈0.01), accompanied by a bias of –0.052 l/min and a precision of 0.56 l/min. Correlation, accuracy and precision were not influenced by the mode of respiration. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate excellent correlation, accuracy and precision between SCCO and ICO measurements in postoperative cardiac surgical ICU patients. We conclude that SCCO monitoring offers a reliable clinical method of cardiac output monitoring in ICU patients following cardiac surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Thermodilution cardiac output ; Continuous monitoring ; Postoperative intensive care ; Extubation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective Commercially available semi-continuous cardiac output (SCCO) monitoring systems are based on the pulsed warm thermodilution technique. There is evidence that SCCO fails to correlate with standard intermittent bolus cardiac output (ICO) in clinical situations with thermal instability in the pulmonary artery. Furthermore, ventilation may potentially influence thermodilution measurements by enhanced respiratory variations in pulmonary artery blood temperature and by cyclic changes in venous return. Therefore, we evaluated the correlation, accuracy and precision of SCCO versus ICO measurements before and after extubation. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital. Patients and participants 22 cardiac surgical ICU patients. Interventions None. Measurements and results SCCO and ICO data were obtained at nine postoperative time points while the patients were on controlled mechanical ventilation. Further sets of measurements were taken during the weaning phase 20 min before extubation, and 5 min, 20 min and 1 h after extubation. SCCO and ICO measurements yielded 286 data pairs with a range of 1.8–9.9 l/min for SCCO and 1.9–9.8 l/min for ICO. The correlation between SCCO and ICO was highly significant (r=0.92;p〈0.01), accompanied by a bias of −0.052 l/min and a precision of 0.56 l/min. Correlation, accuracy and precision were not influenced by the mode of respiration. Conclusions Our results demonstrate excellent correlation, accuracy and precision between SCCO and ICO measurements in postoperative cardiac surgical ICU patients. We conclude that SCCO monitoring offers a reliable clinical method of cardiac ouput monitoring in ICU patients following cardiac surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Central venous catheter ; Bacterial colonization ; Antimicrobial coating ; Teicoplanin ; Catheter-related infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective Antibioticcoated intravascular catheters may be an effective means of decreasing bacterial colonization and subsequent catheter-related infection. The present study was designed to investigate the retention of the antibiotic teicoplanin on a hydromer-coated intravenous catheter and the effect of this antibiotic coating on catheter bacterial colonization. Design A prospective, randomized pilot study. Setting Operating rooms (ORs) and an intensive care unit (ICU) at a university hospital. Patients A consecutive group of 20 male patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Interventions Control (C,n=10) or teicoplanin-coated (T;n=10) single-lumen central venous catheters were inserted before surgery in the OR. Catheters were withdrawn at the discretion of the physicians in the ICU after various periods. Measurements The teicoplanin content of the catheter material was assessed using a bioassay withBacillus subtilis after complete elution of the antibiotic from the catheter. Bacterial colonization was measured using a quanitative culture technique after the catheter lumen had been flushed and the catheter segments sonicated. Main results Nearly three-quarters of the initial teicoplanin coating (374±103 μg; mean±SD) were released during the first day of catheterization, and after 36 h of intravenous catheterization, no antibiotic was retained on the catheter. No significant difference could be found either in the incidence of bacterial colonization between test (n=3) and control (n=4) catheters or in the number of colony-forming units (CFU) on the catheter segments (T, 263±104 CFU/cm; C, 372±294 CFU/cm; mean±SEM). Conclusion The retention of teicoplanin antibiotic coating on hydromer catheters is only short term if catheters are inserted intravenously. This may limit clinical antibacterial efficacy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Propofol ; Sevoflurane ; Anaesthesia ; recovery ; outpatient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to compare recovery characteristics in adult patients following general anaesthesia either with the new investigational volatile agent sevoflurane or with propofol. Accordingly, two groups of 25 adults undergoing outpatient surgery were entered into a prospective, randomised study. Patients who received sevoflurane were extubated at an earlier stage than those receiving propofol (6.6 vs. 9.8 min), and the times to eye opening (7.2 vs. 12.6 min) and hand squeezing (8.2 vs 13.8 min) were also shorter. As measured by the digit-symbol substitution test, patients regained the pre-operative level of cognitive function significantly earlier after sevoflurane anaesthesia. Modified Aldrete scores were also higher in this group within the first hour after anaesthesia than in the propofol group. Sevoflurane appears to be a useful alternative to propofol in outpatient anaesthesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 49 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 59 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although several clinical studies have shown that increased serum concentrations of protein S100B predict ischaemic brain damage after cardiac surgery, S100B may also be released from the heart or other injured tissue. We therefore investigated the correlation between serum S100B levels and those of the specific cardiac marker troponin I in order to assess the cerebral vs. extracerebral origin of S100B. In 64 cardiac surgical patients, serial blood samples were drawn for the measurement of S100B and troponin I before surgery and for seven days after surgery. Neurological function was assessed before with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and the Folstein Mini Mental Test. The data show that a sustained increase in serum S100B levels is associated with neurological dysfunction, as witnessed by a positive correlation between S100B values and the results of the neuropsychological tests. In contrast, the early postoperative increased levels of protein S100B derive from cardiac tissue, as shown by the positive correlation between S100B and cardiac troponin I levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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