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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 43 (1975), S. 279-284 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Promethazine ; Sleep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of a phenothiazine, promethazine, on sleep in ten healthy volunteers were investigated in two double blind polygraphic studies. The first part consisted of a single dose study with promethazine 50, 100, and 200 mg, using pentobarbital 100 mg as a reference substance. In the second part, four subjects spent 20 consecutive nights with nine drug nights (promethazine 100 mg), followed by a placebo withdrawal period of six nights, in the sleep laboratory. Promethazine showed a dose related REM-depressing effect with a greater decrease, the higher the dose. The placebo value was 20.7% REM of total sleep time and gave 16.3, 13.5 and 11.4 respectively, for promethazine 50, 100 and 200 mg. Pentobarbital gave 16.2% REM. There was also an increase of stage II and with the highest dose an increase of stage III + IV. An increase of REM-latency together with a decrease of REM-periods was also seen, and while pentobarbital gave a decrease in REM-density, promethazine did not cause any changes in the phasic REM-component. A REM-rebound was seen in the first night of withdrawal with an increase of per cent REM from 19.9–25.1%. The mean for the whole withdrawal period was 23.1%. Promethazine in the highest dose, 200 mg, gave drowsiness and hangover effects in 14 nights out of 20. The REM-depressing effect of promethazine together with its relatively weak REM-rebound effect may explain its value in the treatment of withdrawal symptoms following abuse of alcohol and barbiturates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 215 (1972), S. 219-239 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Apallic Syndrome ; Cerebral Anoxia ; Telencephalic Infarction ; Isoelectric EEG ; Cerebral Blood Flow ; Cerebral Metabolism ; Apallisches Syndrom ; Cerebrale Anoxie ; Telencephalisches Infarkt ; Isoelektrisches EEG ; Cerebrale Durchblutung ; Cerebraler Metabolismus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 4 Fälle mit schwerer akuter Hirnanoxie (3 nach Herzstillstand, einer nach eklamptischen Anfällen) werden beschrieben. Ein Patient starb 1 Monat, einer 7 Monate nach der anoxischen Episode. Die zwei anderen leben noch 3 bzw. 11 Jahre nach der anoxischen Schädigung. Alle vier Fälle zeigten eine sehr uniforme klinische Symptomatologie mit vollständigem Verlust aller höheren Funktionen, mit einem flachen (isoelektrischen) EEG, mit Ausnahme eines Falles, in dem ein wenig Aktivität niedriger Amplitude erhalten war. Alle vier Fälle zeigten guterhaltene Hirnstammfunktionen mit Respiration, Vasomotorik und ungestörter Digestion sowie Thermo-und Flüssigkeitsregulation. Diecerebrale Durchblutung (vier Fälle) undSauerstoffaufnahme (zwei Fälle) in supratentoriellen Strukturen zeigte eine ausgeprägteReduktion bis auf etwa ein Fünftel des Normalwertes. Auch fand sich eine erhebliche Herabsetzung des Relativgewichtes der grauen Substanzen. Bei zwei gestorbenen Patienten bestätigte die Autopsie einen globalen, fast komplettenVerlust der telencephalen grauen Substanz („Pallium“) mit entsprechender Nekrose und Gliose. Die Neurone des Hirnstammes, des Thalamus, Hypothalamus sowie der retikulären Formation waren dagegen gut erhalten. Die vier erläuterten Fälle sind alskomplette apallische Syndrome zu bezeichnen. Sie sind von den Patienten mitinkompletten apallischen Syndromen zu unterscheiden, bei denen einzelne hochgradig reduzierte telencephale Funktionen erhalten sind, und die auch ein (pathologisches) EEG zeigen. Ein kompletter Apallismus muß auch vomHirntod (totaler Hirninfarkt) unterschieden werden, wegen der erhaltenen Hirnstammreflexe (besonders der Respiration), und des chronischen Verlaufs. Bekanntlich hört die Herzaktivität beim Hirntod meistens innerhalb 3–5 Tagen auf. Der AusdruckKoma sollte nicht bei kompletten oder inkompletten apallischen Syndromen verwendet werden, weil apallisehe Fälle — komplette und inkomplette — durch Sinnesreize sehr gut und prompt weckbar sind und mit primitiven Bewegungen und verschiedenen Hirnstammreflexen reagieren können. Der Terminus Koma sollte för Fälle reserviert werden, die klinisch oder im EEG nicht weckbar sind wegen einer chronischen oder temporären Dysfunktion des retikulären Systems. Apallisehe Syndrome sind weiter von Patienten mitakinetischem Mutismus (coma vigile) abzugrenzen, die auch meist weckbar sind, ein normales EEG und hohe Hirndurchblutungswerte haben. In solchen Fällen können telencephale Strukturen gut erhalten sein. Die entscheidende Läsion bei akinetischem Mutismus betrifft hauptsächlich efferente motorische Bahnen. Diese erzeugen einen „Verlust des Benehmens“, der nicht notwendig einem Bewußtseinsverlust entspricht.
    Notes: Summary This paper describes four patients with complete apallic syndromes due to severe brain anoxia following cardiac arrest in 3 cases, and eclampsia in one. Two patients have died, one and seven months, respectively, following the anoxic episode. The other two are still alive, 11 and 3 years after the anoxia. All four patients showed a very uniform clinical symptomatology with acomplete loss of higher (telencephalic) functions and an isoelectric EEG (except some very low voltage activity in one case)in combination with preserved brain stem functions, including adequate respiration, vasomotor, as well as thermal and fluid regulation. The cerebral blood flow and metabolism in supratentorial structures was reduced to about one fifth of normal values. The highest flow values, but still subnormal, were recorded in the subacute case which survived for only one month. Autopsy in the two fatal cases confirmed a global, almost complete loss of the neurons of the telencephalic grey matter (the “pallium”). The brain stem structures, including the thalamus, the hypothalamus and the reticular formation, were fairly well preserved. Complete apallic syndromes differ from incomplete similar syndromes which show remnants of telencephalic functions (severe dementia, global agnosia, etc.), including an abnormal EEG. They also differ from cases of “brain death” (total brain infarction) which lack all brain reflexes (including brain stem functions, notably respiration)—and which never become chronic. The term “coma” should not be used in complete or incomplete apallic syndromes, since such cases are arousable, i.e. react behaviorally, often quite promptly, with primitive motor reaction upon sensory stimulation. The term “coma” might be reserved for cases which cannot be aroused (behaviorally, or in the EEG) due to a permanent or temporary dysfunction of the reticular system of the brain stem. Complete or incomplete apallic syndromes also differ from the “pure”akinetic mutism (“coma vigile”) which is accompanied by a normal EEG and only moderately reduced cerebral blood flow. Here lesions in the lower brain stem are often found which mainly affect efferent pathways leading to a ‘loss of behaviour’ which does not necessarily imply a ‘loss of conciousness’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Butyrophenone Derivate (Buronil®) ; Sleep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nocturnal sleep was studied in eight young normal volunteers (3 female and 5 male students) with polygraphic technique during 2 periods of 10 nights each. After 2 adaptation and 2 baseline nights with placebo, they were given methylperone (Buronil®) 10 or 50 mg per night during three nights and then again placebo for three withdrawal nights. The study was made double blind. The scoring of the records was done according to the manual by Rechtschaffen and Kales (1968). No changes of sleep stages were seen during the drug periods. The lower dose gave an increase of sleep latency but a decrease of number of awakenings during the night. An increase of REM-periods was shown after 50 mg and also a decrease of REM-latency and REM-density. The only significant change during withdrawal periods was a decrease of REM-sleep after methylperone 50 mg, so there was no “barbiturate type” of withdrawal. The change was also different from that of chlorpromazine, which has no clear rebound effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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