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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 232 (1982), S. 71-95 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Mental health services research ; Community mental health service ; Case register ; Evaluation of mental health care systems ; Changes in psychiatric morbidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Evaluation der Implementationsphase eines gemeindepsychiatrischen Dienstes in der ca. 315000 Einwohner zählenden Stadt Mannheim (BRD) durch das Kumulative Psychiatrische Fallregister am Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit. Innerhalb von vier Jahren des Ausbaus von Krisen- und Notfallversorgung, Nachsorgeeinrichtungen (beschützte Wohnungen, Heime, Werkstätten) und des Angebots psychiatrischer Betten innerhalb der Stadt, stieg die Gesamtzahl der Behandlungsepisoden um mehr als 100% von ca 1,1 auf 1000 auf ca. 2,2 auf 1000 Einwohner über 14 Jahre, und zwar vorwiegend im ambulanten Sektor. Der Zuwachs an Krankenhausaufnahmen betrug ca. 40%, während die Rate belegter Betten bei ca. 1,7 pro 1000 — beziehungsweise 1,3 pro 1000 ohne Betten im psychogeriatrischen Krankenhaus — stabil blieb. Diese Entwicklung ließ sich auf mehrere Faktoren zurückführen: 1. ein echter Anstieg der Krankeitshäufigkeit, vor allem bei schweren Krisen in den Diagnosegruppen ICD Nr. 300, 301, 305-308, insbesondere bei Suizidversuchen sowie bei alkohol- und medikamentenbedingten Erkrankungen. 2. Das verstärkte Angebot an Hilfe, besonders auf dem Sektor der Krisenintervention und der Notfallversorgung, in diagnostischen Kategorien betrachtet, vorwiegend bei leichteren Neurosen, Krisen und affektiven Psychosen, hat ein erhebliches Wachstum der Inanspruchnahme ausgelöst. 3. Der kontinuierliche Ausbau langfristiger Krankenhausaufenthalte, vor allem bei Schizophrenen, führte zu einer verstärkten Inanspruchnahme ambulanter und stationärer Dienste in der Gemeinde bei Rückfällen und Krisen. Ein Kohortenvergleich von alten und von neuen unter den Bedingungen eines gemeindepsychiatrischen Dienstes zuwachsenden chronischen Fällen ließ erkennen, daß langfristige Hospitalisierung wesentlich seltener und wesentlich später, meist nach mehreren Rehabilitationsversuchen erfolgt. In der Gruppe der Schizophrenen wurden 1979/80 in Mannheim nur ca. 5% der Erstaufnahmen länger als 1 Jahr im psychiatrischen Krankenhaus hospitalisiert (Klug et al. 1981). Um 1900 waren es noch zwischen 60 und 70%. Der Vergleich mit methodisch ähnlich angelegten Evaluationsstudien über gemeindepsychiatrische Dienste im Ausland zeigt weitgehend identische Trends, wobei in Mannheim mit einer vergleichsweise niedrigen Rate psychiatrischer Betten auszukommen vermochte.
    Notes: Summary The implementation of a community mental health service in Mannheim (FRG), a city with 315,000 inhabitants, is being evaluated by means of the data of the Cumulative Psychiatric Case Register at the Central Institute of Mental Health. Within a four-year period of extending services for crisis intervention and emergency care, aftercare (sheltered apartments, homes, workshops) and of providing psychiatric beds in the city, the total number of treatment episodes has increased by more than 100% from about 1.1 to about 2.2 per 1000 inhabitants aged over 14, mainly at the out-patient level of care. Admissions to hospital showed an increase of about 40% whereas bed occupancy remained stable at a rate of about 1.7/1000-respectively 1.3/1000 if beds provided by a psychogeriatric nursing home are deducted. This development can be attributed to various factors: (1) A true increase of morbidity may occur mainly in diagnostic groups I.C.D. No. 300, 301, 305–308, especially an increase in attempted suicides and in alcohol- and drug-related diseases. (2) The increased provision of help, mainly on the sector of crisis intervention and emergency care and — in diagnostic categories — mainly in minor neurotic disorders, crises, and affective psychoses, has resulted in a large rise in utilization. (3) The continuous decrease of long-term hospital stays, above all in schizophrenic patients, has led to an increased utilization of out- and in-patient services in the community when crises and relapses occurred. A comparison of two cohorts of „old“ and „new“ patients, the latter having accumulated under the conditions of a community mental health service, has shown that these patients are admitted for a long-term hospital stay considerably later and less frequently than formerly, mostly only after several attempts for rehabilitation. In the group of schizophrenic patients, only about 5% of all first admissions stayed in a psychiatric hospital for more than one year in 1979/80. About the year 1900, this group had still amounted to between 60% and 70%. A comparison with evaluations of comprehensive community care systems in other countries shows that there are largely identical trends, although the initial rate for psychiatric beds was comparably lower in Mannheim.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 238 (1989), S. 179-184 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Care ; Evaluation ; Disabled ; Mentally ill
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A precondition for the discharge from an institution of the chronically disabled mentally ill is the availability of adequate alternative facilities and services, optimally meeting their social and mental health needs and allowing as much quality of life as possible at the lowest possible cost. Only a few studies have found alternative care to lead to better outcomes than treatment in good-quality hospitals with respect to illness course and social disablement. Therefore, it is an important question whether extramural care and of what type is better and possibly less expensive than traditional inpatient treatment and for which patients. Health data collected at the national and regional levels provide a basis for continuous monitoring of utilization of services. Such data, however, usually have the limitation of being aggregate in nature and not including contacts with social services. These deficits can be avoided by using cumulative case registers, recording if possible all contacts of the socially disabled mentally ill with intramural and extramural mental health and social services and covering a defined catchment area. Because the disabled mentally ill, depending on their own resources and those of their family and the community at large, have basic needs differing in each individual case, as well as various specific needs determined by the illness which they cannot meet on their own, it is necessary to provide a variety of facilities and services and to coordinate their work. Evaluation and cost-effectiveness investigations of complex packages of care yield generalizable results only if the forms of care under study are defined precisely enough. A precondition of a satisfactory causal analysis of the effectiveness of care programmes and services is sufficient external and internal validity and the use of a design allowing all relevant intervening variables to be controlled for. Because of the problems posed by quasiexperimental designs and controlled case studies in the evaluation of the care of the chronically mentally ill, an observation design will be discussed that allows a more or less reliable analysis of cause and effect, thanks to the inclusion of relevant intervening variables and the partialling out of their effects on outcome. In the evaluation of community services for the disabled mentally ill, it must be taken into account that outcome and costs depend on the system aspect in as much as during the transition from intramural to extramural care severely disabled patients with a greater need of care, consequently producing higher costs, are discharged from hospital to community care in increasing numbers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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