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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 20 (1981), S. 443-457 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Viscoelastic constitutìve equation ; birefringence ; stress growth ; stress relaxation ; elastic recovery ; polymeric fluid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das viskoelastische Verhalten von Polymer-Systemen wurde auf der Basis des Leonov-Modells für die folgenden Fälle untersucht: (i) Spannungsaufbau und Relaxation bei unterbrochener Scherströmung, (ii) abklingende Spannung nach einem Sprung in der Scherdeformation und (iii) elastische Erholung nach voraufgegangener Scherung. Eine große Zahl von Relaxations-Elementen konnte einbezogen werden, wobei die Modellparameter von herkömmlichen rheologischen Daten mit Hilfe der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate ermittelt wurden. Bei einer genügend großen Zahl von Relaxations-Elementen stimmen die gewonnenen Vorhersagen sehr gut mit experimentellen Daten aus der Literatur überein. Dies gilt vor allem auch für solche Daten, die mit Hilfe von optischen Methoden für die Fälle (i) und (ii) ermittelt worden sind. Die hier vorgelegte Theorie bestätigt ebenfalls die Lodge-Meissner-Beziehung (τ 11 −τ 22)/τ 12 =γ 0 bei einer sprunghaften Änderung der Schergeschwindigkeit. Durchweg führt das Leonov-Modell in diesen Testfällen zu Ergebnissen, die mit Wagners Theorie vergleichbar sind. Leonovs Modell ist jedoch weitaus einfacher anzuwenden und bietet somit die Möglichkeit, auch praktisch bedeutsame Strömungsprobleme zu analysieren.
    Notes: Summary The viscoelastic behavior of polymeric systems based upon the Leonov model has been examined for (i) stress growth and relaxation with intermittent shear flow, (ii) stress relaxation after a step in the shear strain and (iii) elastic recovery after shear flow. A large number of modes have been conveniently incorporated through the determination of the model parameters from conventional rheological data by using an effective least-square procedure. With a sufficient number of modes, the predictions are in very good agreement with corresponding experiments in literature, including the recent data for cases (i) and (ii) obtained by optical methods. The present theory agrees also with the Lodge-Meissner relation (τ 11 −τ 22)/τ 12 =γ 0 in a step-shear experiment. In general, the Leonov model leads to results which, in these test cases, are comparable to those from Wagner's theory. It is, however, considerably less difficult to apply, thus offering the possibility of analysing flow problems of practical interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 80-94 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Streamwise integration ; abrupt contraction ; Leonov model ; birefringence ; Weissenberg number ; Deborah number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A numerical scheme based on the Finite Element Method has been developed which uses a relaxation factor in the momentum equation with the stresses being evaluated via a streamwise integration procedure. A constitutive equation introduced by Leonov has been used to represent the rheological behavior of the fluid. The convergence of the scheme has been tested on a 2 : 1 abrupt contraction problem by successive mesh refinement for non-dimensional characteristic shear rates, of 5 and 50 for polyisobutylene Vistanex at 27 °C. The recirculation region is shown to increase in size with non-dimensional characteristic shear rate. Theoretical predictions have been compared with the experimental data which include birefringence and pressure loss measurements. In general, the comparisons have been reasonably good and demonstrates the usefulness of the present numerical scheme and the Leonov constitutive equation to describe real polymer flows.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 1051-1056 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of ultrasonic waves upon foam extrusion has been investigated by using a special die attached to an extruder. The die consists of a special ultrasonic horn, having a circular channel, that vibrates at 20 KHz. Various ultrasonic amplitudes and flow rates were employed during extrusion of a foamed polystyrene. Ultrasonic waves were found to affect both die pressure as well as physical and mechanical properties of the foam. Increases in the amplitude of the ultrasonic waves resulted in a decrease of the pressure at the die entrance. The density of the foam was found to increase with an increase of the amplitude and a decrease of the flow rate. Extrudate swell was found to decrease with an increase in the amplitude. Ultrasonic waves also influenced cell size and distribution in extruded samples: increases in amplitude resulted in reduced cell size and in narrowing their distribution. These effects are likely caused by break up of large cells or by disruption of coalescence of small cells. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of samples of extruded foam were found to increase with ultrasonic treatment. A unique correlation of these mechanical properties with the density of the foam was established.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 32 (1992), S. 85-93 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and a thermotropic liquid crystalline Polymer (LCP) based on paraoxy-benzoyl and oxy-biphenylene terepthaloyl units were prepared using a static mixer attached to a single screw extruder at 420°C. Rheological studies indicated an increase in the viscosity of the blends upon the addition of LCP. Thermal studies on these blends demonstrated their poor thermal stability compared to the parent materials. The mechanical properties indicated improvement in Young's tensile and flexural modulus but no improvement in the break strength with the addition of the LCP. Morphological studies indicated the formation of ellipsoids of LCP at low LCP concentration in the matrix of PEEK, with extended ellipsoids being observable at 25 percent LCP composition. Phase inversion was noticeable at higher LCP content blends with the formation of PEEK fibrils in the matrix of the LCP. Dynamic studies on these blends showed an increase in the storage modulus with the addition of LCP.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 33 (1993), S. 32-42 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of two thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (LCP) based on 6-oxy-2-naphthoyl and p-oxybenzoyl moieties and p-oxybenzoyl, terephthaloyl and hydroquinone moieties have been studied. The blends were prepared by melt mixing using a twin screw extruder. Thermal, rheological, mechanical, and morphological studies were carried out. Based on the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and the morphological observations, the blends are found to be immiscible. The viscosity ratios of pure LCP melts exceed values of 10 over a wide range of shear rates, with the viscosity of the blends lying between those of the pure components. The prepared blends are shown to be self-reinforced composites in which one LCP enhances the molecular orientation of the other. Studies of the injection molded bars by scanning electron microscopy indicate a complicated hierarchical morphology with microfibrils of submicron level in diameter, bundled, and intertwined into fibrils of a substantially larger diameter. Due to self reinforcement, impact and tensile properties of the blends show significant synergism when compared to those of the pure LCP components. The properties obtained are remarkably higher than those known for any high performance engineering thermoplastics.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 461-471 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The problem of predicting nonisothermal crystallization kinetics based on isothermal data is considered, with reference to the difficulties involved, both experimental and theoretical. The kinetic model used is the differential form of the Nakamura equation which is an extension of the Avrami equation so as to apply to nonisothermal crystallization. Nonisothermal induction times are obtained from isothermal induction times according to the concept of induction time index. The theory of Hoffman Lauritzen is used to extrapolate the limited isothermal crystallization rate data. Good agreement between DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) nonisothermal crystallinity results and model predictions is obtained for our own data on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and some literature data on nylon-6, if the temperature lag between the sample and the DSC furnace is taken into account. The advantages of the present approach in process modeling are pointed out. Quenching experiments have also been performed in which PET slabs are allowed to cool and crystallize from the melt under quiescent conditions. The resulting crystallinity distributions in the thickness direction are measured and predicted by using kinetic parameter values obtained from isothermal DSC measurements alone.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 733-740 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nonisothermal crystallization kinetic data obtained from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for a poly(ethylene terephthalate) are corrected for the effects of temperature lag between the DSC sample and furnace using the method of Eder and Janeschitz-Kriegl which is based on experimental data alone without resort to any kinetic model. A method is presented for shifting the corrected nonisothermal crystallization kinetic data with respect to an arbitrarily chosen reference temperature to obtain a master curve. The method is based on experimental data alone without reference to any specific form of kinetic model. When the isothermal crystallization kinetic data for the same material are shifted with respect to the same reference temperature, a master curve is also obtained which overlaps to a large extent the corresponding master curve from nonisothermal data. It follows that nonisothermal DSC measurements provide the same crystallization kinetic information as isothermal DSC Measurements, only over a wider range of temperatures. The shift factors obtained from experimental data alone are compared in turn with the corresponding values calculated from the Avrami equation, the Hoffman-Lauritzen expression, and the Nakamura equation as a means of evaluating these models individually. It is concluded that the Avrami equation is very good at describing isothermal crystallization kinetics, the Hoffman-Lauritzen extrapolation of the limited isothermal data to a wide range of temperatures is quite good, and the Nakamura equation yields reliable crystallization kinetic information over a narrower range of temperatures than nonisothermal data alone without using any specific model.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental investigation is presented for filling thin cavities of variable gap thickness. The modeling is based upon a finite-element/finite-difference formulation for an inelastic power-law fluid and includes the effects of viscous heating and conduction upon the flow dynamics. Extensive results are presented for polypropylene and polystyrene melts injected into two variable-gap-thickness cavities, of which one has an insert. Good agreement is found between the predictions and measurements concerning the shape of the advancing melt front, the location of weld lines, and the temporal pressure trace at various positions in the cavity.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 264-270 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In an attempt to further understand the flow of polymeric melts through gates in injection molding, the present investigation deals with measurement of pressure drops during isothermal extrusion of fiber-filled and unfilled polystyrene, polypropylene, and polycarbonate melts in short tubes with sudden contraction at high shear rates typical of injection molding. Flow curves for these materials have been determined over a wide range of shear rates at various temperatures by using a capillary rheometer and extruder. Measurements indicate that rheological properties of fiber-filled melts after injection molding differ from those of fresh samples. Moreover, it has been found that decreasing the tube length increases the slope of the curve for pressure drop vs. Volumetric flow rate. Extra pressure losses due to end effects have been determined which show that at high shear rates these losses can reach levels as high as 100 bar, with the effect being higher for the fiber-filled melts. By using a viscoelastic consitutive equation, the extra pressure losses have been separated into entrance and exit losses. Model parameters required for this calculation have been determined from viscosity-shear rate curves for the melts. For various polymers, master curves useful for industrial applications have been constructed for the extra pressure losses.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 1574-1584 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A sound wave extrusion system has been developed. This system includes a single screw extruder and an annular die having an internal surface oscillating in the sound frequency range. Oscillating shear flow has been imposed in the direction parallel to the main pressure flow. The die characteristics and average melt temperature at the exit from the die for several thermoplastics have been measured with and without imposition of oscillations. Modeling of parallel superposition of sound oscillations upon pressure flow has been performed using the Leonov viscoelastic constitutive equation. Three cases are considered: (i) the process is isothermal and the change in die pressure is only due to a nonlinear interaction of oscillatory and pressure flow; (ii) the process is nonisothermal and adiabatic, and pressure reduction is due to the nonlinear interaction and the dissipation of oscillatory energy leading to the temperature rise in polymer melts; (iii) the process is nonisothermal with heat transfer due to transient heat conduction and the dissipation of oscillatory energy. Pressure reduction occurs due to both nonlinear interaction and temperature rise. It is found that case (i) cannot explain the observed die pressure reduction, while case (ii) describes those data only at high flow rates. The theoretical results from case (iii) are found to be in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. Generally, the theoretical results of case (iii) are better than those of cases (i) and (ii).
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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