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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Postcentral gyrus ; Area 1 ; Finger representation ; Neural integration ; Monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The representation of the hand and fingers in area 1 of the first somatosensory cortex was studied in conscious monkeys by recording single neuronal activity. The results are as follows. (1) We found multi-finger type receptive fields which cover more than one finger discontinuously or wide-field type ones which cover both finger and palmar skin or two halves of the palmar skin together. Multi-finger type receptive fields were also found in some joint manipulation neurons. Multifinger or wide-field type receptive fields were found in nearly 40% of area 1 neurons. The rate was even higher, up to 70%, in the medial part of the cortical finger region. Consequently, the finger representation in area 1 was less discretely somatotopic than that in area 3b. (2) The submodality content of area 1 was almost identical to that of area 3b: 74.5% and 20.9% of identified neurons were, respectively, cutaneous and deep. The distribution of neurons with different submodalities overlapped in area 1. (3) Among area 1 neurons with multi-finger type receptive fields, response characteristics of those with inhibitory receptive fields, those with directional selectivity to moving stimuli, and those with converging afferent inputs, were studied in detail. Evidence is presented to suggest that information from different parts of the body, or from the same body parts but different afferent sources, is integrated in area 1. (4) It is proposed that, within the SI, area 1 is the initial stage of integration of sensory information coming from the thalamus and from area 3a or 3b via cortico-cortical connections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Postcentral gyrus ; Area 3b ; Finger representation ; Functional subdivisions ; Monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The representation of fingers in the first somatosensory cortex was studied in conscious monkeys by recording single neuronal activity, and the following results were obtained: (1) In area 3a, most neurons responded to joint manipulation or other types of deep stimuli. The representation of five fingers was somatotopically arranged. (2) In area 3b, 77.7% and 20.9% of identified neurons responded to cutaneous and deep stimuli respectively. (3) Neurons responding to light mechanical stimuli and with receptive fields on the distal finger segment were found in the most anterior part of area 3b while those responding better to specific mechanical stimuli, such as rubbing, scraping, pinching, tapping, etc. of finger glabrous skin, were found in the more posterior part. The representation of the five fingers was somatotopically arranged. (4) Neurons responding to light or specific mechanical stimulation of the dorsal hairy skin of fingers were found in the posterior part of area 3b. The independent somatotopic representation of four fingers was recognized within this region. (5) Neurons responding to mechanical stimulation of the palmar skin were found in two separate regions, the medial one for the ulnar half and the lateral one for the radial half of the palm. (6) These results indicate that the representation of fingers in areas 3a and 3b of the conscious monkey is divided into multiple somatotopic subdivisions each representing a functional region of the hand and fingers. (7) Neurons with multi-finger receptive fields were occasionally found in area 3b, mostly in layer VI. Some of them had inhibitory receptive fields. Multifinger type receptive fields were more commonly found in area 1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Monkey ; Postcentral gyrus ; Finger representation ; Vertical neuronal arrays ; Converging inputs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single neuronal activity was recorded in the crown of the postcentral gyrus (areas 1 and 2) in 5 conscious monkeys. A total of 93 penetrations were made in the hand and finger region of 9 hemispheres and 827 neurons were isolated. The receptive field characteristics of neurons recorded along each of 88 penetrations which entered perpendicularly to the cortical surface were compared. The majority of neurons in this region were responsive to skin stimulation. In 54 penetrations, neurons related to different sensory submodalities were mixed. In 30, skin neurons predominated, and in 8, ‘deep’ neurons, while in the remaining 16 penetrations neurons related to different submodalities were equally mixed. In 16 penetrations, neurons responded exclusively to stimulation of skin, hair or nails. In 9 penetrations, neurons were exclusively related to joint manipulation or other types of ‘deep’ submodality. In 9 penetrations, unidentified neurons were in the majority. In each penetration, the receptive field positions varied considerably on the same finger or encompassed more than one finger. Although neurons of the same submodality, either skin or ‘deep’ tended to be set in an array, the most adequate stimulus could vary among neurons of a given array. The variability in the receptive field positions or the most adequate stimuli remained constant irrespective of the angle of the electrode penetration in the cortex. The results are compatible with the idea that vertically arranged neuronal array receive inputs of multiple sources, both thalamacortical and corticocortical, so that interactions between different inputs can readilly occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 34 (1987), S. 1429-1437 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new thermal conduction model is proposed for a polymer system filled with a mixture of several types of particles. Predicted values by the new model are compared with experimental data. The model is derived by extending a model that was previously proposed for a two-phase system. The following equation is derived from the new model: log λ = V · (X2 · C2 · log λ2 + X3 · C3 · log λ3 + (1 - V) log (C1 · λ1. When the thermal conductivities of polymer and particles (λ1, λ2, λ3, …) and a mixing ratio of particles (X2, X3, …) are known, thermal conductivity of the filled polymer (λ) with several types of particles can be estimated from the equation, with any volume content of particles (V). Furthermore, from each polymer-filler composite (two-phase system) data, the thermal conductivity of a composite filled with different filler particles can be estimated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 25 (1987), S. 3173-3176 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: proton pump inhibitor ; pantoprazole ; stereoselective pharmacokinetics ; genetic polymorphism ; human ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pantoprazole (PAN) is a proton pump inhibitor that is administered as a racemic mixture. The pharmacokinetics of PAN enantiomers were investigated in extensive metabolizers (EMs) and apparent poor metabolizers (PMs) of PAN who received a single 40, 60, or 80 mg oral dose of racemic PAN as enteric-coated formulation. In the EMs, the serum concentrations of (-)-PAN were slightly higher than those of (+)-PAN at each dose level. The (+)/(-) ratios for the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and the half-life were 0.58-0.89 and 0.62-0.88, respectively. In the PMs, the serum concentrations of both enantiomers were much higher than those in the EMs at each dose level and significant differences in pharmacokinetics of (+)- and (-)-PAN were observed. The half-lives for (+)-PAN were 2.67-3.77 times longer than those for (-)-PAN. The AUCs for (+)-PAN were 2.65-3.45 times greater than those for (-)-PAN. Therefore, the metabolism of (+)-PAN is impaired to a greater extent than (-)-PAN in the PMs, which resulted in the stereoselective disposition of PAN in the PMs. It has been suggested that the EMs and the PMs of PAN could be differentiated by determining the (+)/(-) enantiomer ratio in serum at one time point, possibly 2-6 h after oral dosing, because the (+)/(-) enantiomer ratios in the PMs were opposite those in the EM subjects. Chirality 9:17-21, 1997 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 4 (1989), S. 535-542 
    ISSN: 0884-3996
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel optical biosensor for homogeneous immunoassay has been developed on the basis of the finding that electrochemical luminescence of pyrene-labelled antigen is extremely inhibited by immunochemical complexation. Electrochemical luminescence homogeneous immunoassay for human serum albumin (HSA), as a model analyte, was performed with a platinum plate electrode which was located in the vicinity of an optical fibre tip. HSA was determined in the concentration range of 3-25 × 10-6 mol/I.To improve electrochemical luminescence measurement an optical fibre electrode has been developed by fabricating a transparent platinum film on the top of an optical fibre. The minimum detectable limit of luminol was 10-11 mol/l with the optical fibre electrode. Luminol was applied as a label for homogeneous immunoassay.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 40 (1990), S. 929-941 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyethylene and polystyrene composites filled with high-volume content of filler particles (quartz or Al2O3) were prepared by ordinary melt-casting method to effectively increase the thermal conductivity. The result, however, suggested that fractional void volume cssentially occupied by filler particles is left unfilled when high or super-high content of filler is used. After investigating the relation between the mixing ratio of different sized filler particles and the fractional voidage under various compression intensities, a mixture of filler was found to give minimum fractional voidage. Polymers filled with such an optimum mixture of fillers for minimum fractional voidage were then prepared under compression. Thus, expected monotonous increases in thermal conductivity in the wide range from low to super-high filler content were obtained. Further, it was confirmed that a predictive model proposed by us agreed quite satisfactorily with the experimental data in comparison with many other models.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: To interpret the terminal group effect of chain polymers, a model substance was prepared. As the starting material commercial samples of polyoxyethylene glycol were used and each terminal group attached to the chain, the hydroxyl group, was esterfied with pyromellitic anhydride. Thus the polyoxyethylene glycol may have one tri-valent ionizable residue at each end of the chain. The expansion factor α of chain dimension for these samples was estimated by comparing intrinsic viscosities of their aqueous solutions at ionized state (—COO- + Na+) with those at non-ionized state.According to the statistical theory, on the other hand, an equation for α was derived, which is given by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\rm {\alpha}^3 - \rm {\alpha = C}_{\rm K} \sqrt {\rm M} + {\rm A}/\sqrt {\rm M},$$\end{document} where CK is a constant which depends upon the solvent and temperature only, being related to the excluded volume effect between segments, and A is also a constant described solely by the electrolytic nature of terminal group. It was thus found that the experimental results can be explained in terms of the established theory and that the terminal group effect tends to vanish rather rapidly with increasing the molecular weight of polymer. It was also experimentally found that the unperturbed dimension of chain might be influenced considerably by introducing some terminal groups to chain.
    Notes: Um den Endgruppeneffekt von Knäuelmolekülen aufzuklären, wurde eine Modellsubstanz hergestellt. Als Ausgangsmaterial verwendeten wir Polyäthylenglykole mit verschiedenen Molekulargewichten und veresterten das Hydroxyl an jedem Ende der Kette mit Pyromellithsäure-Anhydrid. Damit besitzt das Polyäthylenglykol an jedem Ende einen dreiwertigen, ionisierbaren Rest. Durch Vergleich des STAUDINGERindex der wäßrigen Lösung der nicht dissoziierten Probe mit demjenigen der dissoziierten (—COO- + Na+) wurde ein Expansion sfaktor der Knäueldimension α ausgerechnet.Andererseits leiteten wir eine Gleichung für α auf Grund der statistischen Theorie ab, die durch \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\rm {\alpha}^3 - \rm {\alpha = C}_{\rm K} \sqrt {\rm M} + {\rm A}/\sqrt {\rm M}$$\end{document} ausgedrückt wird. Hierbei ist CK eine nur vom Lösungsmittel und der Meßtemperatur abhängige Konstante, die sich auf den Volumeneffekt zwischen den Segmenten bezieht, während A eine rein mit der elektrolytischen Eigenschaft der Endgruppe verbundene Konstante ist. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Meßdaten auf Grund der hier entwickelten Theorie sehr gut gedeutet werden können und daß die Wirkung des Endgruppeneffektes auf die Knäueldimension mit Zunahme des Molekulargewichtes erwartungsgemäß ziemlich schnell verschwindet. Außerdem zeigte das Experiment, daß die Einführung der Endgruppe die ungestörte Knäueldimension stark beeinflußt.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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