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  • 1
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The aggregation properties of zinc-free insulin have been studied using static and dynamic light scattering. The aggregation has been investigated as a function of three parameters, the concentration of sodium chloride (in the range 10-100 mM), the pH value (in the range pH 7.5-10.5), and the insulin concentration (1.8-13.4 mg/mL). The measured homodyne autocorrelation function was used to determine the apparent mean hydrodynamic diameter as well as the apparent weight-averaged molar mass of the insulin species in solution. A method of data analysis was employed, which allows the separation of light scattering contributions from the insulin oligomers and from irrelevant macromolecules and possible impurities present in the sample solutions. Also, a simple phenomenological equilibrium model describing the association of oligomers of insulin is presented. One aspect of this model is that it makes it possible to determine weight average molar masses corrected for virial effects on the Rayleigh ratio. This was necessary because virial effects cannot be isolated and corrected for by dilution since this would change the equilibrium distribution of oligomers. The basis of the model is a positive contribution to Gibbs free energy from charge repulsion depending on the protein charge and the number of monomers in the oligomers, and an assumed constant negative contribution to Gibbs free energy arising from either an entropic gain or hydrogen bonding upon association. The equilibrium model gives a good description of both the apparent weight average molar masses and the apparent hydrodynamic diameters, when the effect of the insulin concentration is taken into account by including virial effects arising from charge-charge repulsion (Donnan effect). The result shows that the association of insulin as a function of pH and ionic strength can be described by an effective charge equal to the charge derived from proton titration reduced by the number of sodium ions binding to insulin. At the lowest pH and highest salt concentration (pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 12 mg/mL insulin), the weight average molar mass is close to that of the hexamer, and at the highest pH and lowest salt concentration (pH 10.5, 10 mM NaCl, 1.9 mg/mL), the weight average molar mass is close to that of the monomer. In all cases, however, a distribution of oligomers is present with a relative Gaussian width of about 30%. Neglecting the positive term in Gibbs free energy, an upper bound to the association constant for insulin can be calculated: The negative term in Gibbs free energy corresponds to an association constant of (0.8 ± 0.3)·105M-1, which is in agreement with published values for the monomer-to-monomer association. The satisfactory agreement between theory and experiments for the weight average molar mass suggests that it should be possible to predict the aggregational properties of mutant forms of insulin. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 151-151 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 155-155 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 155-155 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 69 (1957), S. 148-148 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 690-690 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 78 (1966), S. 151-151 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 75 (1963), S. 726-726 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 614 (1992), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Transition metal halides acetylacetonate complexes ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Addition of Transition Metal Dihalides to Acetylacetonates of Divalent Metal IonsTransition metal dihalides aMIIX2 (FeCl2, CoCl2 NiBr2 etc.) are added by the chelates MII(acac)2 under formation of binuclear complexes (THF)2MII(acac)2(aMIIX2). The octahedral and the tetrahedral centre of these compounds are connected by tridentate oxygen atoms of the two acetylacetonato ligands which are simultaneously included in four-membered rings (MIIO2aMII). The addition is combined with a deformation of the octahedral centre, as a prerequisite of a closest package of the atoms within the MIIO2aMII-ring.In the trinuclear complex (THF)2Ni(acac)2(HgCl2)2 III the interaction between the three coordination centres is weak. No structural change of the octahedral centre (THF)2Ni(acac)2 is found, but the HgCl2-groups diverge slightly from linearity (Cl—Hg—Cl 171.1°).No binuclear complexes with a central ion of the oxidation state III in the octahedral centre were obtained. One reason is the lowered donor strength of the bidentate Lewis base function of the octahedral centre [(THF)2Mn+(acac)2]n-2 with M+3 as a centralatom. Reacting systems with di- and trivalent ions prefer ionic complexes, as it is shown by the formation of [(THF)2V(acac)2][(THF)CoCl3] IV from VCl3 and Co(acac)2.The crystal structures of (THF)2Co(acac)2CoCl2II and [(THF)2V(acac)2][(THF)CoCl3] IV were determined by x-ray diffraction. II: orthorhombic-primitive; space group P212121, Z = 4; a = 967.4(2), b = 1453.4(3), c = 1715.9(4) pm; R = 0.049 for 3084 observed reflections. IV: triclinic; space group P1, Nr. 2; Z = 2; a = 871,5(2), b = 930,6(3), c = 1865,6(6) pm; α = 101,70(2), b̃ = 92,45(2), γ = 91,06(2)°; R = 0,060 für 4221 observed reflections.
    Notes: Bis(acetylacetonate) von Magnesium(II), Cobalt(II) oder Nickel(II) addieren Dihalogenide wie FeCl2, CoCl2 oder NiBr2 (aMIIX2) unter Bildung binuklearer Komplexe (THF)2MII(acac)2(aMIIX2), in denen ein oktaedrisches und ein tetraedrisches Zentrum über zwei dreibindige Sauerstoffatome der Acetylacetonatliganden miteinander verknüpft sind (Bildung eines viergliedrigen MIIO2aMII-Ringes). Die Addition ist mit einer Deformation des oktaedrischen Zentrums verbunden, die eine dichte Packung der vier Atome des MIIO2aMII-Ringes ermöglicht.Im trinuklearen Komplex (THF)2Ni(acac)2(HgCl2)2 III bleibt die Wechselwirkung zwischen den drei Koordinationszentren gering. Das oktaedrische Zentrum (THF)2Ni(acac)2 wird strukturell nicht verändert, allerdings weichen die beiden HgCl2-Bausteine (Valenzwinkel 171,1°) von der Linearität ab.Es gelang nicht, binukleare Komplexe mit einem Zentralatom der Oxidationsstufe III im oktaedrischen Zentrum darzustellen. Ein Grund dafür ist die verringerte Donorstärke der zweizähligen Lewisbasen-Funktion im oktaedrischen Zentrum [(THF)Mn+(acac)2]n-2 für M+3 als Zentralion. Reaktive Systeme mit zwei- und dreiwertigen Kationen weichen auf die Seite von ionischen Komplexen aus, wie die Bildung von [(THF)2V(acac)2][(THF)CoCl3] IV aus VCl3 und Co(acac)2 zeigt.Die Kristallstrukturen von (THF)2Co(acac)2CoCl2 II und [(THF)2V(acac)2][(THF)CoCl3] IV wurden durch Röntgenbeugung bestimmt.II: orthorhombisch primitiv, Raumgruppe P212121, Z = 4; a = 967,4(2), b = 1453,4(3), c = 1715,9(4) pm; R = 0,049 für 3084 beobachtete Reflexe.IV: triklin, Raumgruppe P1, Nr.2; Z = 2; a = 871,5(2), b = 930,6(3), c = 1865,6(6) pm; α = 101,70(2), b̃ = 92,45(2), γ = 91,06(2)°; R = 0,060 für 4221 beobachtete Reflexe.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 610 (1992), S. 46-50 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Mercury compounds ; dimercury(I)-bis-(1,1,3,3-tetracyanpropenide) ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mercury Compounds with Cyancarbanions. II Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Dimercury(I)-bis(1,1,3,3-tetracyanpropenide)The structure of dimercury(I)-bis(1,1,3,3-tetracyanpropenide), Hg2(tcp)2, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P 21/n. The unit cell dimensions are: a = 9.9193(3) Å, b = 5.6912(6) Å, c = 13.3806(4), β = 92.544(4)° and Z = 2. The mercury atoms in the centrosymmetric cation are three-coordinate with Hg—Hg 2.503, Hg—N 2.207, 2.207, 2.560 Å. tcp behaves as a bidentate ligand forming infinite chains running parallel to the a-axis.
    Notes: Die Struktur von Diquecksilber(I)-bis(1,1,3, 3-tetracyanpropenid), Hg2(tcp)2, wurde durch Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalyse ermittelt. Die Kristalle sind monoklin, Raumgruppe P 21/n. Die Zelldimensionen sind a = 9,9193(3) Å, b = 5,6912(6) Å, c = 13,3806(4) Å, β = 92,544(4)° und Z = 2. Die Quecksilberatome im zentrosymmetrischen Kation werden dreifach koordiniert mit Hg—Hg 2,503; Hg—N 2,207; 2,560 Å. tcp fungiert als zweizähniger Ligand unter Ausbildung unendlicher Ketten parallel zur a-Achse.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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