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  • Chemistry  (33)
  • Physics  (19)
  • Polybutene-1  (1)
  • Polypropylene  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscope observations of fibrillar-to-lamellar transformations in melt-drawn polymers (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polybutene-1 ; fibrillar crystals ; lamellar crystals ; morphology transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Electron-transmissible polybutene-1 films were produced by drawing from an already thin molten film on a microscope slide. The films exhibitab initio a microstructure composed of fine fibrils of the stable (hexagonal) phase. Films from various stages of heat-treatment in air were examined in the transmission electron microscope. Two types of microstructural charge were seen. In one, crystallites appearing within the fibrils gradually order themselves to lie in rows normal to the chain (fiber) axis. The laterally aligned crystallites do not merge to form crystallographically homogeneous lamellae. In the other observed process, patches of fully lamellar metastable phase crystals form. These lamellae are oriented normal to the surface and grow both parallel and normal to the surface. These crystals grow by the incorporation of relaxed chains and require substantial molecular diffusion. It is suggested that entanglements or other physical pinning of the long molecules used here inhibit the full lamellarization of the intrafibrillar crystallites and cause the system to transform by means which utilize the chains which are most easily disengaged and transported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01458964
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transmission electron microscope observations of fibrillar-to-lamellar transformations in melt-drawn polymers — I. Isotactic polypropylene (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 294-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polypropylene ; Fibrillar Crystals ; Lamellar Crystals ; Morphology ; Transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The transformation during heat treatment from a fibrillar to a lamellar morphology in highly oriented polypropylene is followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small angle electron scattering (SAES). While the as drawn films exhibit long (up to 1μm) continuous fibrillar crystals, those crystals disintegrate into short crystalline blocks which finally aggregate into a lamellar morphology during the heat treatment. After even longer heat treatment the lamellar crystals start to thicken.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01410467
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture behavior of oriented poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 405-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) is a newly developed engineering thermoplastic with potentially vast application in advanced composites due to its exceptional performance. It is thus desired to understand the relationship between physical processing, microstructure and fracture in this semicrystalline polymer. Both oriented and unoriented PEEK were mechanically characterized using static test of three-point bend specimens. The molecular chain orientation was imposed using a rolltrusion technique. The effects of thickness, strain rate, Initial crack length ratio, and orientation on fracture toughness (Kc) are investigated. The crystallinity is also examined by density measurement. The degree of orientation is determined qualitatively by wide-angle X-ray scattering diffraction patterns and quantitatively by further measurement using an image analysis system. Fractographic analysis, using scanning electron microscopy, provides precise information about the mode of fracture, Results indicate that both the modulus and the fracture toughness are remarkedly increased in the direction of drawing (T-type) as opposed to the transverse direction (L-type).
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760290609
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependence of secondary crystallization in linear polyethylene (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 659-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A specimen of linear polyethylene was subjected to isothermal secondary crystallization at a series of temperatures below the primary isothermal crystallization temperature, the melting and primary crystallization stages being held constant throughout the investigation. Dilatometric measurements exhibit an S-character at low values of undercooling Tp - Ts, where Tp and Ts are, respectively, the primary and secondary crystallization temperatures; at larger undercoolings, however, an initial very rapid crystallization is followed by a very slow stage. When corrected for thermal contraction of the polymer, the net degree of secondary transformation is seen to peak at a temperature in the range 109-113°C. The S-character of the isotherms and the peaked temperature variation of degree of transformation lead to the conclusion that a large portion of the secondary crystallization consists of the nucleation and growth of the new crystallites. Johnson-Mehl-Avrami analysis leads to a model of heterogeneous nucleation within the remaining amorphous zones, followed by one-dimensional, diffusion-controlled growth.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1969.160070405
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient effects in the crystallization of polyethylene (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 821-827 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A specimen of linear polyethylene was subjected to isothermal secondary crystallization at a series of temperatures below the primary isothermal crystallization temperature, the melting and primary crystallization stages being held constant throughout the investigation. Dilatometric measurements exhibit an S-character at low values of undercooling Tp - Ts, where Tp and Ts are, respectively, the primary and secondary crystallization temperatures, whereas at larger undercooling, an initial very rapid crystallization is followed by a very slow stage. When corrected for thermal contraction of the polymer, the net degree of secondary transformation is seen to peak at a temperature about 5°C below Tp. The S-character of the isotherms and the peaked temperature variation of degree of transformation lead to the conclusion that a large portion of the secondary crystallization consists of the nucleation and growth of the new crystallites. Johnson-Mehl-Avrami analysis leads to a model of heterogeneous nucleation within the remaining amorphous zones, followed by one-dimensional, diffusion-controlled growth.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1969.160070507
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lamellar and interlamellar structure in melt-crystallized polyethylene. II. Lamellar spacing, interlamellar thickness, interlamellar density, and stacking disorder (1971)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 85-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the small-angle scattering power and the degree of crystallinity in melt-crystallized high-density polyethylene have been used to evaluate the “amorphous” density in situ by the relation, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (2\pi/V)\int_0^\infty {S\tilde g} (S)dS = (\rho_{\rm c} - \rho_{\rm a})^2 \upsilon_{{\rm er}} (1 - \upsilon_{{\rm er}}) $\end{document} where V is the irradiated volume and ḡ(S) is the “slit-smeared” absolute intensity. The amorphous density is a function of sample history and is always higher than the extrapolated melt density. After slit-height correction, and within the experimental error, the ratio of the two observed long periods is 2:1 at all temperatures (25--126°C). The lamellar thickness and the average interlamellar spacing are obtained from the degree of crystallinity and the first corrected long period. At increasing temperatures between 25°C and 110°C, the lamellae become thinner while the interlamellar zone expands by almost half. Over this range the changes are reversible with temperature. Above 110°C, both the lamellae and the interlamellar region expand with temperature. The thickening is partially reversible upon recooling. Other results obtained include measurements of stacking disorder and of microstructural changes with crystallization temperature and with time at ambient temperature.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1971.160090107
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid measurements of elastic modulus and density in polypropylene sheet during aging (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1579-1584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: New methods for rapidly obtaining elastic modulus and density measurements during isothermal polymer aging are given. The elastic measurements are performed using a Rockwell hardness tester. In this case, the elastic recovery is measured. Rapid density measurements are performed using a “double drop” density gradient columan method. Here, a fully aged and a freshly quenched specimen are dropped simultaneously into the column. Simultaneous column height differences directly measure the density difference of the two specimens. The results of these two experiments extend previously reported aging measurements to relatively low times of aging. A log (time) law for both properties is found to the smallest times measured.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260513
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cold-drawing behavior of naturally aged poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 31 (1986), S. 1631-1643 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The cold-drawing behavior of naturally aged poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is investigated and an attempt is made to compare the mechanical behavior of unaged commercial PET and material which has been naturally aged for 11 years. Mechanical, viscometric, DSC and IR measurements are applied. The previously observed unusual ability of fresh PET bristles to be cold drawn up to 15:1 is not achieved for the naturally aged material. This fact is related to chemical cross-linking occurring on the surface of bristles after drawing and thermal treatment. The cross-linked skin is unsoluble, infusible, and uncrystallizable. The natural aging defeats the ability of PET to respond to external treatments which would otherwise change the internal structure. Such a “stabilization” of material properties is a result of the transformation, during natural aging, of the original physical network into a chemical network consisting of covalent bonds.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1986.070310609
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory of crystallization in high-speed spinning (1991)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 661-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Removal of the heat of fusion during steady-state crystallization in a high-speed spinline places restrictions on the morphology of the crystallites. An appropriate model is that of a thermal dendrite. It is shown that for this case there exists at each temperature along the threadline a limiting growth velocity, beyond which heat cannot be conducted away fast enough to permit growth. It is suggested that crystallization occurs when a fluid element reaches a temperature at which heat can just be conducted away rapidly enough. Comparison of dendrite theory predictions with experimental values of crystallite diameter and crystallization temperature shows satisfactory agreement. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been taken as the example.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760310907
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and mechanical properties of highly oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) films (1992)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 32 (1992), S. 964-970 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationships between the supermolecular structure of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films subjected to cold drawing and subsequent zone annealing and their mechanical properties are investigated. The effectiveness of zone annealing is compared to that of annealing with fixed ends. Microstructural changes occurring during heat treatment and zone annealing are monitored using wide angle X-ray scattering, small angle X-ray scattering, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and static mechanical tests. The very high modulus and strength of the zone-annealed films are directly attributed to the large number of the molecules connecting the crystallites.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760321408
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