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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (11)
  • Chemistry  (9)
  • Ritanserin  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuropharmacological treatments for alcoholism: scientific basis and clinical findings (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 149 (2000), S. 327-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Alcohol ; Treatment ; Medications ; Ondansetron ; Acamprosate ; Naltrexone ; Nalmefene ; Ritanserin ; SSRI ; Fluoxetine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Preclinical studies have exploded our knowledge about the behavioral and biological underpinnings of alcoholism. These studies suggest that certain neurotransmitters, particularly those interacting with the opioid, N-methyl-d-aspartate, and monoamine systems, may play a critical role in the expression of alcohol-drinking and other behaviors associated with its abuse liability. Built upon this foundation, important advances have been made in the development of therapeutic medications for the treatment of alcoholism. Of the medications reviewed, acamprosate’s potential appears to be the most widely established. In the USA, naltrexone was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1995 for the treatment of alcoholism; however, the results of some studies have been less encouraging. Naltrexone’s reliance on high compliance rates for efficacy may, eventually, limit its potential in clinical settings offering generic treatment for alcoholism. The relative paucity of dose-response studies on naltrexone’s effects in treating alcoholics is an important gap in the literature. Recent data from a large clinical trial suggests that ondansetron, a serotonin3 antagonist, offers new hope for the treatment of early onset alcoholics; a type of alcoholism most difficult to manage with psychosocial measures alone. Different subtypes of alcoholic may, therefore, have varying treatment responses to serotonergic agents. Matching subtypes of alcoholic to effective treatment medications based upon their different biologies remains an important therapeutic goal. Combinations of effective pharmacological agents need exploration as they may prove to be synergistic, and could shepherd in a new era of treatments aimed at multiple neurotransmitter targets associated with the alcoholism disease. The coming decade promises more powerful tools for characterizing drug effects on alcohol drinking, thereby closing the gap between animal models of addiction and the human condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130000371
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ritanserin in the treatment of alcohol dependence – a multi-center clinical trial (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 128 (1996), S. 206-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Serotonin (5-HT) ; Ritanserin ; 5-HT2 antagonist ; Alcoholism ; Clinical trial ; Multi-center ; Pharmacotherapy ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four hundred and twenty-three alcohol dependent subjects were enrolled into a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to determine the safety and efficacy of the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, ritanserin (2.5 mg/day or 5 mg/day), in reducing alcohol intake and craving. All subjects received 1 week of single-blind placebo prior to randomization into the 11-week double-blind phase. Additionally, all subjects received weekly individual sessions of manual-guided cognitive-behavioral therapy. Comparing the single-blind period with endpoint, there was approximately a 23% reduction in drinks/day; 34% fall in the total number of drinking days/week; 22% decrease in drinks/drinking day; and a 37% diminution in alcohol craving for all treatment groups. All treatment groups experienced a beneficial clinical outcome as assessed by the Clinical Global Impression Scale. There was, however, no significant difference between treatment groups on any of these measures of alcohol drinking, craving, or clinical outcome. Subjects were of relatively high social functioning at baseline, and this did not change significantly during treatment. Treatment groups did not differ significantly on either medication compliance or reported adverse events. Ritanserin treatment was associated with a dose-related prolongation of subjects’ QTc interval recording on the electrocardiogram. These results suggest that alcohol dependent subjects can show marked clinical improvement within a structured alcohol treatment program. These findings do not support an important role for ritanserin in the treatment of alcohol dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050126
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New approaches to the processing of rutile-filled polyolefins (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 950-956 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The performance of a fluorocarbon elastomer processing additive in rutile-filled linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) compounds was evaluated by capillary rheometry, and blown film extrusion. Different compounding sequences were considered and their effects on the performance of the processing additive in the presence of various rutiles examined. Lower apparent melt viscosities and higher shear rates for the onset of melt fracture were observed when using certain surface treated rutiles. The nature of the surface coating applied to rutiles was found to have a great influence on the Theological properties of the filled compounds and on the dispersibility of the solids. The acid-base characteristics of rutiles were determined by inverse gas chromatography techniques, and inherent agglomeration indexes for the pigments were measured by an application of powder rheology principles. It was found that those rutiles with high agglomeration indexes or those with highly basic surfaces interfered the most with the processing additive. Mechanisms by which rutile dispersibility and acid-base character influence the effectiveness of the fluorocarbon elastomer processing additive are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760301604
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of nylon-grated polyphenylene etherPresented in part at the 19th Akron Polymer Conferences on “Advances in Heterophase Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties” (The Ralph Milkovich Memorial Symposium), Akron, OH, June 19-22, 1988. (1989)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3371-3382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polyphenylene ether (PPE) resin (a homopolymer made from 2,6-xylenol with an i.v. of 0.46) was reacted with phenyl acrylate, p-substituted phenyl acrylates, and diphenyl fumarate in an extruder or in solution. The number of olefinic molecules that had been grafted onto the PPE backbone was determined by FTIR or NMR methods, and the grafting efficiency and mechanism were examined. The grafted PPE resins were used to promote the anionic polymerization of ε-caprolactam, and the quantity and the composition of the PPE-nylon 6 copolymers isolated were correlated with the number of promoter groups attached to the PPE resin.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1989.080271016
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation resistant amorphous-all aromatic polyarylene ether sulfones: Synthesis, characterization, and mechanical properties (1986)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 24 (1986), S. 287-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and characterization of amorphous, aromatic, polyaryl ethers has been investigated. Detailed synthesis procedures are provided. The main thrust of these activities was to synthesize polymers which could serve as castable amorphous matrix resins for carbonfiber composites and which would be highly resistant to radiation degradation. It was important that these polymers not contain any aliphatic groups in order to contrast their behavior with the commercially available Bisphenol-A polysulfones. The approach taken was to synthesize a series of statistical or random copolymers derived from hydroquinone and biphenol together with 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone. In order to produce copolymers of high molecular weight, modified techniques were developed which utilized potassium carbonate as a weak base and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as the aprotic dipolar solvent. Detailed procedures are provided in this paper for the synthesis of high molecular weight copolymers of this type. In addition, stress-strain, dynamic mechanical properties and preliminary electron beam (e-beam) degradation studies are reported significantly. Improved mechanical property retention after e-beam exposure was observed with the all aromatic polyether sulfones.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1986.080240208
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion and catalytic activity studies on resid-deactivated HDS catalysts (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1980-1987 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three different pore size CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts, which had been deactivated to the same extent during bench-scale tests with an atmospheric resid, were examined for coke and metal deposits, diffusivity, and intrinsic activity for hydrodesulfurization, hydrogenation, and hydrodenitrogenation using model compounds. The aged catalysts had very low effective diffusivities and lower intrinsic activities than the fresh catalysts. Both metals and coke deposits were responsible for lowering diffusivity, but activity reduction appears to be predominantly due to metal deposits.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690321207
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water penetration in glassy polymers: Experiment and theory (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 48 (1993), S. 319-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We describe the design and implementation of a method based on infrared monitoring of the OD stretch mode which permits measurement of the diffusion profiles of water permeating glassy polymers for the first time. Results for several glassy polymers are compared with a theory of trapping diffusion which leads to a nonlinear diffusion problem in which the trapped water penetrates the polymer as a sharp front if there is a large amount of trapping. In the case of two of the polymers studied, the trapping model describes the data, very well (much better than a simple diffusion model) and permits determination of parameters related to the free volume and the residence time of the water on traps in the model. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070480216
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The preparation of crystalline polypropylene sodium sulfonates and their interaction with an included sodium hydroxide phase (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 553-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sodium sulfonated polypropylenes have been prepared by the slurry chlorosulfonation of polypropylene or propylene - ethylene copolymer followed by hot aqueous sodium hydroxide treatment. Low levels of excess sodium hydroxide were added to the materials to stabilize them against thermal decomposition. It was found that there was a strong interaction between the sodium hydroxide phase and the polymer sodium sulfonate groups which persisted above the nominal melting point of crystalline polypropylene. Evidence for the interaction includes an increased melt viscosity and a greatly increased nucleation rate for the composites as compared to the polypropylene sodium sulfonates not containing the sodium hydroxide phase. The composites have an improved balance of mechanical properties as compared to the materials from which they are prepared.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170218
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graft copolymerization of acrylic acid to nylon 6 by mutual irradiation. II. The influence of cupric ions (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 921-928 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the γ-irradiation in vacuo of nylon 6 film in the presence of aqueous acrylic acid and different concentrations of cupric chloride, the following relationships have been obtained: RH ∝ [CuCl2]-1.0 and RG ∝ [CuCl2]-0.3 Here [CuCl2] is the concentration of cupric chloride in the bulk solution, and RH and RG denote the initial rates of homopolymerization and grafting, respectively. The values of -1.0 and -0.3 for the exponents indicate that the cupric ion is a less effective chain terminator in the film on account of its lower concentration there. Analyses of films grafted in different media demonstrate the copper content of a film to be independent of both the concentration of monomer in the solution and the degree of swelling. The copper content is primarily a function of the total poly(acrylic acid) present, i.e., (grafted species plus occluded homopolymer). Thus, at high doses, where the total poly(acrylic acid) associated with a film is significant, the grafting curves exhibit a falling off, and complex formation between cupric ion and a growing chain is considered a likely contributory factor.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1972.070160411
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship for low molecular weight nylon 6 (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2105-2109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Samples of nylon 6 have been prepared by the hexamethylene diamine-initiated polymerization of ∊-caprolactam at 220°C. Fractionation of these with m-cresol-diethyl ether at 26°C yielded 15 amino-terminated fractions of M̄n of 337-10,940 determined conductometrically. Below M̄n = 4,306 the Mark-Houwink parameters in m-cresol at 30°C are K = 3.0 × 10-3 dl/g and v = 0.53 ± 0.02. Thereafter v exhibits a pronounced increase. The value of K is similar to the values of Kθ derived from Stockmayer-Fixman plots of published data in good solvents. The findings thus corroborate a current hypothesis that fractionated, low molecular weight polymers in good solvents tend to behave viscometrically, as if they were under θ conditions (i.e., K = Kθ and v = 0.50).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120913
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