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  • Chemistry  (43)
  • cerebral blood flow  (5)
  • Trichogramma minutum  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 143-171 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: host examination ; host recognition ; locomotion ; parasitoid ; Trichogramma minutum ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The host examination behavior of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma minutumon spherical Manduca sextahosts is described. The mean walking speed during host examination was 0.64 ± 0.03 mm s −1 and is independent of wasp size. The paths taken by the wasps are not evenly distributed over the host surface; the majority of time is spent below 45 ° latitude. The distribution of oviposition sites is also nonrandom with respect to latitude and is not influenced by phototaxic and geotaxic responses. The initial transit made by the wasps over the host surface is a straight path which frequently passes across the highest point on the host. The length and duration of the initial transit are independent of wasp body length. However, stride length and stepping rates are proportional to wasp body length, and small wasps take more steps to complete their initial transit. The roles of the examination walk in host recognition and host volume measurement by Trichogrammaare also discussed.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 213-221 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trichogramma minutum ; oviposition ; measurement ; progeny allocation ; parasitoid ; host volume ; lepidopterous eggs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei dem Insekten-Eiparasiten Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) hängt die Anzahl der abgelegten Eier vom Volumen der Wirtseier ab. Es wurden Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der sensorischen Grundlagen dieses Verhaltens unternommen. Die Wespe weist sowohl im Tageslicht, als auch in totaler Dunkelheit jenen Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) Eiwirten (Diameter c. 1.3 mm) weniger eigene Eier zu, die teils (30%) in Substrat eingebettet sind, als solchen, die ganz herausragen. Da die Wirte einen identischen Radius und gleichen Oberflächengeruch haben, kann der Mechanismus der Volumenbestimmung weder chemisch noch optisch sein, sondern ist dem Wesen nach mechanosensorisch, und von der zugänglichen Oberfläche abhängig. Vor de Eiablage untersucht die Wespe die Wirtsoberfläche, indem sie darüber läuft, an den Ecken umkehrt und mit ihren Antennen ‘trommelt’. In Experimenten mit Glaskugelmodellen war die Anzahl der von der Wespe gemachten Wendungen an den Ecken (Nt) umgekehrt proportional zur Oberfläche, aber unabhängig vom Radius. Im Gegensatz dazu, war die Untersuchungszeit (Te) direkt proportional zum Radius, aber unabhängig von der Oberfläche. Ein Mechanismus für die Volumenmessung wird vorgeschlagen. Gleich beim Besteigen des potentialen Wirtes wird die relative Kurve (und infolgedessen der Radius), wahrscheinlich durch den Antennenwinkel gemessen. Wenn diese Messung innerhalb einer bestimmten Spanne liegt, beginnt die Wespe ihren Trommelgang. Die Messung wird auch dazu benutzt, ein maximales Volumen (und folglich die Anzahl der Nachkommen) des Wirtes und eine maximale Untersuchungzeit (Te) zu erzielen. Wird Te konstantgehalten, hängt die Anzahl der Wendungen (Nt) von der zugänglichen Oberfläche ab, wobei die Wespe öfter bei kleineren Oberflächen wendet. Die Anzahl der Wendungen gestattet der Wespe, die ursprüngliche Einschätzung des Wirtsvolumens so zu verändern, daß eine angemessene Anzahl von Eiern in nicht kugelige Wirte gelegt wird. Die Anwendung von kurven-und oberflächenabhängigen Messungen ermöglicht eine optimale Zuweisung von Nachkommen für eine Anzahl von unterschiedlichen Wirtsgrössen und-formen. Die Oberflächenmessung gestattet eine bessere Volumenbestimmung von nicht-kugeligen Objekten. Die gezeigte Abhängigkeit von der Oberfläche ist wahrscheinlich auch eine Anpassung an Wirte, die ihre Eier in Gruppen ablegen. Unter solchen Bedingungen von grosser Wirtsdichte ist es günstiger für die Wespe, weniger Eier in jeden Wirt der Gruppe zu legen, weil diese Verteilung zu grösseren, fruchtbareren Nachkommen führt.
    Notes: Abstract The number of eggs laid into its insect-egg host by Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Trichogrammatidae) depends on the volume of its lepidopterous host. The wasps allocated fewer progeny into Manduca sexta (L.) (Sphingidae) egg hosts partially embedded in the substrate than into fully exposed hosts, both in daylight and in total darkness. Since the hosts are of identical diameter and surface chemistry, the mechanism of volume determination is neither chemical nor visual, but essentially mechanosensory, based on accessible surface area. Before oviposition, the wasp examines the host surface by walking over it, turning at the edge, and ‘drumming’ with its antennae. The number of edge turns (Nt) made by wasps when they examined glass beads presented as model hosts was inversely dependent on surface area, but independent of diameter. Conversely, the examination time (Te) was directly dependent on diameter, but independent of surface area. A mechanism is proposed for host volume measurement. While the wasp examines a potential host, the relative curvature (and hence diameter) is measured, possibly by antennal angle. If this measure is within an acceptable range, the wasp initiates its drumming walk. The measure is also used to set Tc and to establish an estimate of a maximum possible volume (and hence progeny number) to the host object. With Tc fixed, the value for Nt depends on accessible surface area, the wasp turning more often on restricted surfaces. Nt allows the wasp to correct the estimate of host volume such that an appropriate number of eggs is laid in non-spherical hosts. The use of curvature to set Te increases the accuracy of the wasp's measure of Nt, while also improving its coverage of the surface. The use of curvature and surface area allows Trichogramma to optimize its progeny allocation for a variety of host sizes and shapes.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 287-294 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trichogramma minutum ; oviposition ; measurement ; progeny allocation ; host clusters ; host density ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Optimale Strategien zur Nützung einer Reserve erfordern die Fähigkeit, die verfügbare Menge zu messen. Um die Nachkommen angemessen zu verteilen, muss die parasitische Wespe Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Trichogrammatidae) sowohl zur Größe, als auch zur Anzahl von Insekten Wirtseiern reagieren können. Die Wespen legten ihre Eier in verschiedene Gruppierungen von Wirtseiern. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Anzahl der zugewiesenen Nachkommen von der Menge angrenzender Nachbarn und deren räumlicher Verteilung abhängt. Insbesondere werden Wirten mit mehreren Nachbarn, und demzufolge kleinerer freier Oberfläche, weniger Nachkommen zugewiesen. Auf Grund dieser Beobachtung wird die freie Oberfläche als Schlüssel für die Bestimmung der Menge von vorhandenen Wirten vorgeschlagen. Ein einfaches Modell zur Erklärung des vorher beschriebenen Zählverhaltens wird beschrieben. Es wurden Experimente mit Glaskugeln gemacht, die in unterschiedlichen Gruppen angeordnet waren. Es wurde gezeigt, dass einige Parameter des Weges bei der Wirtsuntersuchung (u.a. Häufigkeit und Anzahl der Richtungsänderungen) direkt von der Anzahl der Nachbarn abhängen. Änderungen in diesen Parametern könnten der Reaktion auf die Anzahl angrenzenden Nachbarn zugrunde liegen. Die Bedeutung des Einflusses von Wirtsgruppierung auf die Zucht und die Anwendung der Trichogramma bei der Schädlingsbekämpfung wird kurz diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Optimal strategies for utilizing a resource require the ability to assess the quantity available. To allocate its progeny appropriately, the parasitic wasp Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Trichogrammatidae) must respond not only to the size but also to the number of its insect egg hosts which are locally available. By allowing the wasps to oviposit into different clustered arrangements of hosts, it is shown that progeny allocation per host depends on the host number and position of contacting neighbours. In particular, hosts with more neighbours, and thus reduced exposed surface area, are allocated fewer progeny. It is argued that exposed surface area may be the cue used by the wasp to adjust its progeny allocation to the number of local hosts. This discrimination occurs in the absence of superparasitism. A simple model is described which accounts for previously reported counting responses. Observation of examination paths on glass bead models arranged in clusters showed that the frequency and number of edge turns change significantly with the number of neighbours. Changes in these parameters could be used to mediate the wasp's response to the number of local neighbours. The significance of host clustering effects in the use and rearing of Trichogramma for biological control is discussed briefly.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 125-131 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trichogramma minutum ; oviposition ; parasitism ; host density ; progeny allocation ; fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der parasitischen Wespe Trichogramma minutum hängt die Menge abgelegter Eier teilweise von der räumlichen Verteilung seines Insektenwirtes ab. In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss von unterschiedlichen Abständen zwischen den Wirtstieren auf die Anzahl von Nachkommen pro Ei beschrieben und mögliche Mechanismen zur Bestimmung der Wirtsdichte vorgeschlagen. Die Anzahl von Nachkommen pro Wirtsei verringert sich mit kleiner werdendem Abstand zwischen den Wirtseiern. Es wird vermutet dass die Wespen ein Mass für die Häufigkeit von Wirtsbegegnungen, z.B. Zeit oder Abstand zwischen Wirten als Schlüssel für die Bestimmung der Menge von Nachkommen benutzen. Diese Erscheinung kann nicht auf Superparasitismus von weiter entfernten Wirten zurückgeführt werden. Einzelne Wirte, die nur einmal von den Wespen parasitiert werden durften, erhielten die gleiche Anzahl von Eiern, wie die am weitesten verteilten Wirte. Darüber hinaus wurde kein Zusammenhang zwischen der Anzahl parasitierter Wirte und der durchschnittlichen Grösse der Nachkommenschaft pro Wespe gefunden. Das weist darauf hin, dass die Wespen nicht einfach mit jeder weiteren Wirtsbegegnung ihre Menge zugewiesener Nachkommen verringern. Schliesslich wird der Einfluss von unterschiedlicher Anzahl von Nachkommen auf die Wirtsmortalität diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The clutch size of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) is in part adjusted in response to the spatial distribution of its insect egg hosts. This paper describes the effects on progeny allocation of differences in the distance separating single hosts, and a possible mechanism is proposed. The number of progeny laid into a single host decreases with reduced interhost distance. The effect is not due to superparasitism of more widely spaced hosts, since single hosts which the wasps are allowed to parasitize only once receive only as many eggs as the most widely spaced host. Furthermore, no correlation was found between the number of hosts parasitized and the mean clutch size for each wasp, indicating that the wasps do not simply reduce progeny allocation with successive host encouters. Instead, the wasps may use a measure of the frequency of host encouter, for example the time or distance between hosts, as a cue to set cluch size. Comparisons of clutch size for first and second hosts parasitized showed that there is an initial large reduction in clutch size, after which all subsequent hosts parasitized are allocated a constant, reduced number of progeny. The implications of changes in clutch size for the parasitization rate of the wasps are discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; cerebral blood flow ; cerebral oxygen metabolism ; cerebral vascular reactivity ; ketanserin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of the anti-hypertensive agent ketanserin on the cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity was examined in 10 healthy volunteers. Ketanserin was administered as an intravenous bolus of 10 mg followed by an infusion of 6mg/h. Before administration CBF was measured by single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) of inhaled133 Xenon. Then arterial CO2 tension was subsequently decreased by voluntary hyperventilation and increased by breathing an air/CO2 mixture. The relative changes in CBF induced by the changes in arterial CO2 tension were estimated by the cerebral arterio-venous oxygen content difference method. One hour following the start of ketanserin infusion the SPECT measurement and CO2 manipulations were repeated. The CO2 reactivity (expressed as the slope of the regression line of the linear relation between CBF and PaCO2), was unchanged, i.e. 3.2%/0.1 kPa before ketanserin and 4. 1%/0.1 kPa during ketanserin, respectively. Using regression lines from a semi-logarithmic plot the CO2 reactivity was also unchanged 3.4%/0.1 kPa and 3.5%/0.1 kPa, respectively. Ketanserin did not change CBF. The cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2) was decreased 19% one hour after the start of infusion of ketanserin. In conclusion administration of ketanserin in a clinically relevant dose to healthy volunteers does not change the regional CBF not the cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity, but a decrease in CMRO2 was observed. However further studies are needed to clarify whether ketanserin in fact has a depressing effect on CMRO2 or whether the different results are caused by methodological errors or stocastic variation.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Intracranial pressure ; cerebral blood flow ; autoregulation ; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fourteen patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus had the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and intracranial pressure (ICP) investigated. In 8 of the patients the effect of Captopril on ICP and CBF was also investigated. The mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was 109 mmHg (intra-arterially), and ICP was 11 mmHg (intraventricularly). Changes in global CBF were estimated by the arterio-venous oxygen difference method. The autoregulation of CBF was present in 13 of the patients (p 〈 0.01). The lower limit of CBF autoregulation was 86% of the baseline perfusion pressure. One hour after 50 mg of captopril perorally, MABP was reduced 16 mmHg, and ICP and CBF were unchanged. The autoregulation was maintained and the lower limit was decreased 19 mmHg. Thus patients would be expected to benefit from captopril treatment in hypotensive anaesthesia.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Arterial blood pressure ; calcium antagonist ; cerebral blood flow ; cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen ; carbon dioxide reactivity ; nimodipine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was undertaken in 8 healthy volunteers to examine the effect of a clinically relevant dose of nimodipine (NIM) (15 and 30 microgram/kg/h) on CBF, its CO2 reactivity, and CMRO2. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was measured intra-arterially. Regional CBF was measured by SPECT of inhaled Xenon-133. During the CO2 reactivity tests changes in CBF were estimated by the arterio-venous-oxygen-difference method. Median CBF was 52 ml/ 100 g/min (48–53) with a normal regional distribution, and median baseline MABP was 96 mmHg (92–99). MABP was slightly reduced, by 8 mmHg (7–9), and 9 mmHg (4–11) after infusion of NIM for 2 and 4 hours, respectively. CBF, however, remained constant, although correction for changes in PaCO2, revealed a slight increase after 4 hours (p=0.08). CMRO2 was 3.5 ml/100 g/min (3.2–3.5) and was not changed by the infusion of NIM. At arterial CO2 tensions ranging from 4.0 to 6.5 Kpa the CO2 reactivity was 3.0% CBF/ 0.1 kPa (2.6–3.7) and decreased significantly to 2.6% CBF/0.1 kPa (1.8–3.2) after the infusion of NIM for 3 hours (p=0.02). The median slope of the LnCBFsat/PaCO2 relationship was 1.5 at baseline compared to 1.3 after NIM (p〈0.01). No side effects were observed. The present study shows a decreased CO2 of the cerebral vessels and a maintained coupling of CBF and CMRO2 during the infusion of nimodipine.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 102 (1990), S. 11-13 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Intracranial pressure ; cerebral blood flow ; perfusion pressure ; nimodipine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) were studied. The resting mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was 100 (90–125)mmHg and the mean intracranial pressure (ICP) was 11 (5–17)mmHg. ICP and MABP were continuously measured intraventricularly and intra-arterially, respectively. Changes in global cerebral blood flow (CBF) were estimated by the arteriovenous oxygen difference method. Intravenous nimodipine (15 microgram/kg/hour) was given in the first 2 hours and 30 microgram/kg/hour in the next 2 hours. MABP was reduced 23 (4–47)mmHg (p〈0.05). ICP was increased 3 (0–10)mmHg (p 〈 0.05). CBF was unchanged in the group on the whole, but in 4 of patients a major drop in perfusion pressure was seen, and CBF decreased 6, 11, 23 and 34%, respectively. Thus these findings underline the importance of maintaining the perfusion pressure under treatment with nimodipine.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: propranolol ; cerebral blood flow ; cerebral oxygen metabolism ; CO2 reactivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of acute and long-term treatment with propranolol on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) has been studied in 8 young healthy volunteers. CBF was measured by 133Xe-inhalation and single photon emission computer tomography, and CMRO2 was calculated from the arterio-venous oxygen difference and CBF. Studies were done before and 1 h after i. v. injection of 5 mg propranolol and after three weeks on oral propranolol 80 mg/d for 1 week and 160 mg/d for 2 weeks. Cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in terms of the A – V oxygen difference was tested on all three occasions during hypercapnia and hyperventilation. CBF, CMRO2 and cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity remained stable both after acute and after 3 weeks of treatment with propranolol.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 327 (1985), S. 1017-1022 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Comparative Positive and Negative Ion Mass Spectroscopy of 3,5-Disubstituted 1,2,4-Thiadiazoles
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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