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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Leflunomide is a novel immunomodulatory drug shown to be very effective in animal models of autoimmune diseases and transplantation rejection, as well as in human rheumatoid arthritis. Leflunomide's main metabolite, A77 1726, has been shown to be reversibly antiproliferativein vitro. Pursuing this, we performed cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry of a B-cell lymphoma line and found that at concentrations 〉2.5 μM cells accumulated in the early S-phase. In order to determine A77 1726's effects on cell activation, human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were cultured in the presence of PHA or OKT 3 antibody. Flow cytometric evaluation of IL-2 and transferrin receptor expression exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of these activation markers (10–100 μM). Further, using the polymerase chain reaction, we investigated the ability of leflunomide to impair the transcription of the IL-2-R gene. We found that A77 1726 did not significantly decrease IL-2-R α-chain mRNA expression regardless of stimulation. It seems that leflunomide's main metabolite did not affect IL-2-R at the level of gene transcription, and thus its effects could be due to impairment of post-translational events. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that leflunomide: (1) impairs activation of quiescent lymphocytes (reduction of IL-2-R expression), without inhibiting IL-2-R mRNA formation; (2) reversibly inhibits proliferation by holding resting lymphocytes in the G0-phase and activated cells in the early S-phase of the cell cycle. Thus, this compound may exert its effects through influencing two important aspects of an immune response, i.e. activation and proliferation of lymphocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 19 (1997), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Jaw reconstruction ; Iliac crest flap ; Microvascular bone transplantation ; Window resection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to improve vessel and nerve security and the harvesting procedure of the iliac crest in the microvascular reconstruction of the upper and lower jaw by iliac crest flap in cases of tumour invasion or trauma. The critical points for the surgeon in harvesting the iliac crest are the course of the deep circumflex iliac artery and lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh in relation to the iliac crest and the position of their subsequent ramifications. Bilateral anatomical preparations of the iliac bone (total 90 dissections) were examined in 45 formalin preserved cadavers (21 male, 24 female) with the course of the vessel and nerve supply being mapped. Topographic variations of muscles, bones, vessels and nerves were documented by measurement by photographic documentation and diagrams. In 78% (70 cases) a standard-type arrangement with a single main vessel coming from the external iliac artery above the inguinal ligament and crossing the upper part of the iliac crest with second ramifications was observed. In 12% (11 cases) the main vessel was observed to be 2-3 cm below the iliac crest, in 7% (6 cases) a second main branch of the deep circumflex iliac artery was found to run parallel to the iliac crest. In other cases the following variations were observed: one main vessel without ramification, separate branching of the main vessel and ramifications or common trunks of the deep and superficial circumflex iliac arteries. Because of these results it might be possible to perform window resection of the iliac crest in some cases rather than bloc resection: this may have postoperative advantages for the patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 19 (1997), S. 2-4 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract ≪Ärzte ohne Anatomie gleichen den Maulwürfen. Sie arbeiten im Dunkeln und ihrer Hände Tagewerk sind - Erdhügel.≫ [Prof. Tiedemann (1781-1861), Heidelberg, nach Kußmaul, Jugenderinnerungen eines alten Arztes]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 19 (1997), S. 2-4 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 19 (1997), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Jaw reconstruction ; Iliac crest flap ; Microvascular bone transplantation ; Window resection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le but de cette étude était d'améliorer la fiabilité et la technique de la reconstruction maxillaire et mandibulaire par transfert micro-vascularisé de la crête iliaque en cas de lésion tumorale ou traumatique. Les points critiques pour le chirurgien sont le trajet des vaisseaux principaux (l'a. circonflexe iliaque profonde) et des nerfs (n. cutané latéral de la cuisse) par rapport à la crête iliaque, et la position de leurs ramifications. Dans ce but, 45 cadavres formolés (21 hommes, 24 femmes) ont été utilisés par préparation anatomique bilatérale des os coxaux (90 dissections au total) et cartographie des vaisseaux et des nerfs. Les principaux résultats s'appuyent sur les mesures des variations topographiques des muscles, des os, des vaisseaux et des nerfs, sur des documents photographiques et des dessins. Dans 70 cas (78 %) nous avons trouvé une distribution typique avec un seul vaisseau principal issu de l'a. iliaque externe, né au-dessus du lig. inguinal, croisant la partie supérieure de la crête iliaque et se ramifiant secondairement. Dans 11 cas (12 %), nous avons trouvé une variation intéressante : un vaisseau principal courant 2 ou 3 cm au-dessous de la crête iliaque. Dans 6 cas (7 %), nous avons trouvé un second vaisseau principal issu de l'a. circonflexe iliaque profonde, courant parallèlement à la crête iliaque. Dans les autres cas, nous avons trouvé un vaisseau principal non ramifié, des naissances séparées de l'artère principale, des ramifications des troncs communs des aa. circonflexes iliaques profonde et superficielle. Grâce à ces résultats, nous pouvons envisager la possibilité d'une résection fenêtrée de la crête iliaque dans des cas particuliers, de préférence à une résection monobloc, ce qui présente plusieurs avantages post-opératoires pour les patients.
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to improve vessel and nerve security and the harvesting procedure of the iliac crest in the microvascular reconstruction of the upper and lower jaw by iliac crest flap in cases of tumour invasion or trauma. The critical points for the surgeon in harvesting the iliac crest are the course of the deep circumflex iliac artery and lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh in relation to the iliac crest and the position of their subsequent ramifications. Bilateral anatomical preparations of the iliac bone (total 90 dissections) were examined in 45 formalin preserved cadavers (21 male, 24 female) with the course of the vessel and nerve supply being mapped. Topographic variations of muscles, bones, vessels and nerves were documented by measurement by photographic documentation and diagrams. In 78% (70 cases) a standard-type arrangement with a single main vessel coming from the external iliac artery above the inguinal ligament and crossing the upper part of the iliac crest with second ramifications was observed. In 12% (11 cases) the main vessel was observed to be 2–3 cm below the iliac crest, in 7% (6 cases) a second main branch of the deep circumflex iliac artery was found to run parallel to the iliac crest. In other cases the following variations were observed: one main vessel without ramification, separate branching of the main vessel and ramifications or common trunks of the deep and superficial circumflex iliac arteries. Because of these results it might be possible to perform window resection of the iliac crest in some cases rather than bloc resection: this may have postoperative advantages for the patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 47 (1998), S. 925-935 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Infektionsprävention ; Pneumonie ; Risiokofaktoren ; Desinfektion ; Key words Infection prevention and control ; Pneumonia ; Disinfection methods ; Risk factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The official German guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia were published by the Bundesgesundheitsamt, now called Robert-Koch-Institut, twelve years ago. The recently published official ”guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia” of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are categorized according to scientific evidence. The American guidelines are very detailed and differ in some aspects from the official German guidelines. The purpose of the present paper is to inform the German anaesthesiologist about the official CDC guidelines and to provide a renewed background for the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die offiziellen deutschen Richtlinien zur Prävention nosokomialer Pneumonien durch das frühere Bundesgesundheitsamt (jetzt Robert-Koch-Institut) sind mittlerweile 12 Jahre alt. Die kürzlich publizierten offiziellen Empfehlungen der amerikanischen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) beruhen auf vorhandenen wissenschaftlichen Daten und sind daraufhin bezüglich ihrer Wertigkeit kategorisiert. Diese umfassenden Empfehlungen sind wesentlich ausführlicher als die offiziellen deutschen Richtlinien und weisen zu diesen teilweise beträchtliche Unterschiede auf. Mit dieser kurzen Darstellung der amerikanischen Richtlinien soll dem Kliniker für die eigene praktische Tätigkeit bezüglich vieler alltäglicher, aber keineswegs nebensächlicher Probleme eine fundierte Entscheidungshilfe zur Verfügung gestellt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Infektionsprävention ; Desinfektion ; Sepsis ; Komplikation ; Risikofaktoren ; Katheterwechsel ; Key words Infection prevention and control ; Disinfection methods ; Equipment Contamination ; Risk factors ; Septicemia ; catheters ; indwelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The official German guidelines for prevention of intravascular-device-associated infections were published by the Bundesgesundheitsamt, now called the Robert-Koch-Institut, 12 years ago. The recently published official „Guidelines for Prevention of Intravascular-Device Associated Infections” of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are categorized according to scientific evidence. The American guidelines are very detailed and differ in some aspects from the offical German guidelines. The purpose of the present paper is to inform the German-speaking anaesthesiologist about the official CDC guidelines and to provide an update on the prevention of intravascular-device-associated infections.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die offiziellen deutschen Richtlinien zur Prävention katheterassoziierter Infektionen durch das frühere Bundesgesundheitsamt (jetzt Robert-Koch-Institut) sind mittlerweile 12 Jahre alt. Die kürzlich publizierten offiziellen Empfehlungen der amerikanischen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) beruhen auf vorhandenen wissenschaftlichen Daten und sind daraufhin bezüglich ihrer Wertigkeit kategorisiert worden. Diese umfassenden Empfehlungen sind wesentlich ausführlicher als die offiziellen deutschen Richtlinien und weisen zu diesen teilweise beträchtliche Unterschiede auf. Mit dieser kurzen Darstellung der amerikanischen Richtlinien soll dem Kliniker für die eigene praktische Tätigkeit bezüglich vieler alltäglicher, aber keineswegs nebensächlicher Probleme eine fundierte Entscheidungshilfe zur Verfügung gestellt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 8 (1937), S. A5 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 68 (1993), S. 455-463 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study an Attractor Neural Network that stores natural concepts, organized in semantic classes. The concepts are represented by distributed patterns over a space of attributes, and are related by both semantic and episodic associations. While semantic relations are expressed through an hierarchical coding over the attribute space, episodic links are realized via specific synaptic projections. Due to dynamic thresholds expressing neuronal fatigue, the network's behavior is characterized by convergence toward the concept patterns on a short time scale, and by transitions between the various patterns on a longer time scale. In its baseline, undamaged state, the network manifests semantic, episodic, and random transitions, and demonstrates the phenomen of priming. Modeling possible pathological changes, we have found that increasing the ‘noise’ level or the rate of neuronal fatigue decreases the frequency of semantic transitions. When neurons characterized by large synaptic connectivity are deleted, semantic transitions decay before the episodic ones, in accordance with the findings in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 77 (1997), S. 419-427 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The dynamics of the feature maps created by Kohonen's algorithm is studied by analyzing the wave number and frequency-dependent spectral density of synaptic fluctuations. This so-called dynamical spectral density, which is well known in nonequilibrium statistical physics, constitutes a complete record of the time and length scales involved in the evolution of the map, the pertinent information being of much practical interest for the study of the convergence properties and the design of effective parameter cooling strategies. We derive explicit theoretical expressions for the dynamical spectral density based on the Fokker-Planck description of the stochastic process of learning and study in some detail the folding phenomena observed in the feature map as a consequence of a dimensional conflict between input and output space. By comparisons with extensive numerical simulations the Fokker-Planck picture is found to describe both the space and the time behavior of the map very well as soon as the dimensional conflict is well below a certain critical value. Results for the time and length scales involved in the evolution of the map are given both below and above the critical value of the dimensional conflict. Moreover exploiting a certain analogy of the feature map with an elastic net we propose a new quantitative criterion measuring the topographic (neighborhood preserving) properties of the map in terms of the spectral density of the elastic tensions in the net. By way of examples we demonstrate how topological defects such as twists and kinks lead to characteristic elastic tensions that are revealed immediately by the spectral analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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