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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33 (1995), S. 1653-1661 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: physical aging ; poly(ethylene naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate) ; water sorption ; microhardness ; excess enthalpy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Amorphous poly(ethylene naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate) (PEN) films (∼ 220 μm thick), stored in ambient atmosphere for different periods of time and after annealing at different temperatures below Tg = 123°C, for different times, have been investigated by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), microhardness, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR spectroscopy and weight measurements reveal the presence of water which is easily removed by annealing of the films. Films again recover their initial weight and absorption bands after 1-2 days storage in ambient atmosphere. Samples annealed at different temperatures Ta for different times ta show an increasing microhardness for relatively short times of ta. The microhardness passes through a maximum at an annealing time depending on Ta, and it decreases toward values somewhat larger than the initial ones. The changes observed in the microhardness and in the values of the excess enthalpy with storage time of the samples at room temperature depend on the physical aging as well as on the content of water of PEN films. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 34 (1996), S. 2019-2026 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: diamagnetic susceptibility ; molecular relaxation ; liquid crystalline copolyesters ; orientation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The diamagnetic susceptibility of a series of random copolyesters, P(HB/HN), of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) with 2-hydroxy-6-naphtoic acid (HNA) has been investigated, both, as a function of composition and temperature. It is shown that the molecular susceptibility of the uniaxially oriented samples linearly decreases with HB content. Results are discussed in terms of the increase in magnetic anisotropy occurring with the introduction of the HN groups. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of the specific susceptibility has been investigated. The diamagnetic susceptibility of these copolymers rises at the beginning of the solid-liquid crystalline transition. Above this temperature, the specific susceptibility exhibits a conspicuous time-dependent behavior which is a function of the temperature at the mesophase. After long storage times at the mesophase, and upon cooling at room temperature, the susceptibility shows values which approach those of a macroscopically isotropic state, i.e., a state with no overall preferred orientation. X-ray diffraction measurements confirm a relaxation mechanism of the molecular orientation occurring at temperatures above the melting point. A similar relaxation process is observed for samples with an initial planar orientation. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32 (1994), S. 1449-1455 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: ferroelectric copolymers ; curie temperature ; dielectric relaxation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The variation of dielectric properties with temperature in the 1 kHz to 1 GHz frequency range for the 70/30 copolymer of vinylidene fluoride with trifluoroethylene has been associated to two processes: the β relaxation process associated with the glass transition of the amorphous phase and the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric crystal transition. The β process follows a Vogel-Fülcher behavior exhibiting an anomaly in the vicinity of the crystal transition. Analysis of the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric Curie transition reveals the existence of a double relaxation maximum in the dielectric losses. Results have been interpreted in terms of the Havriliak-Negami relaxation function. The variation of the relaxation strength and of the broadening parameter has been investigated as a function of temperature. The obtained results are discussed in terms of a two-step phase transformation mechanism for the Curie transition: a first transition from the low temperature “all-trans” ferroelectric phase to a more defective phase; a second transition from the latter phase to the final paraelectric structure. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 393-395 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: High-density polyethylene of high tensile modulus has been produced by solid state extrusion using an Instron capillary rheometer. Microhardness measurements on these ultraoriented fibers have been made to assess their perfection from values of the tensile elastic modulus and shear strength. The microhardness tests were measured using a Vickers square diamond. The microhardness increased with the common temperature for crystallization and extrusion, likely due to improvement in the lateral packing of microfibrils. The variation of microhardness with draw ratio is also illustrated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 2 (1991), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Orientation ; Injection-molding ; X-ray scattering ; Polyethylene ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Highly oriented linear polyethylene was prepared by elongational flow injection molding. The changes in crystal orientation were investigated as a function of temperature by real-time wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the influence of molecular weight upon the microstructure and the changes in orientation, during heating near the melting point, and after cooling have been examined. A shish-kebab structure is inferred for the high molecular weight samples (Mw≥105) from SAXS observations, while for samples with Mw〈105 only an oriented lamellar structure is found. Consequently, a higher thermal stability is shown by the higher molecular weight samples. Furthermore, a recovery of crystal orientation on rapid cooling of the samples from the melt is only observed for samples with Mw≥105. The results are discussed in terms of a preferential recrystallization of chain-folded lamellae, on cooling, onto the shish fibrils which survive at high temperature.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 5 (1994), S. 344-347 
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Polypyrrole ; Conducting polymer ; FTIR ; Chemical polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Chemical synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy) was carried out in the presence of FeCl3 aqueous solution. The grown PPy is fixed on the sulfonated surface of polyethylene (SPE) films, where the sulfonic groups act as counteranions to balance the positive charge of PPy, giving the composite material of PPy-SPE.For reasons of comparison, two types of polyethylene (PE) have been used, low and high densities with different degrees of sulfonation, SD (g/m2), defined as the ratio of weight increase to the area of the two surfaces of the sample. A series of reaction times was used to evaluate the variation of the electrical conductivity, σ (S/cm), of polypyrrole. It was found that σ increases as reaction time increases.To characterize the samples, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and conductivity measurements were performed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 355-361 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oriented poly(aryletherketone) (PEEK) rods have been produced by drawing isotropic polymer through a conical die. Room temperature Young's moduli were measured by three-point bending and ranged from 5 GPa at a draw ratio of about 2 to 11 GPa at a draw ratio of about 4. Dynamic mechanical properties were explored in the range -150 to 200°C; two loss peaks were observed, with the higher corresponding to Tg.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Linienprofilanalyse der (hk0)-Reflexe von gesintertem Poly(p-phenylen) wird vorgestellt. Die Maxima der Weitwinkelröntgenbeugung wurden analysiert, um die mittlere Größe der kohärent streuenden Bereiche in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur TA zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Querabmessung der kohärent streuenden Bereiche bis TA = 300°C zuerst leicht zunimmt und dann für TA 〉 300°C stark anwächst. Dies hängt mit der Umordnung starrer Ketten aus den ungeordneten in kristalline Bereiche zusammen. Das Fehlen einer Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung stützt die Annahme einer eingefrorenen nematischen flüssig-kristallinen Struktur, die etwa 40% des Materials umfaßt.
    Notes: A line profile analysis of the (hk0) reflections of sintered poly(p-phenylene) is presented. The wide angle X-ray diffraction maxima were analyzed to study the average size of the coherently diffracting domains as a function of annealing temperature TA. The results show that the lateral size of the coherently diffracting domains increase first slightly for TA 〈 300°C and then rapidly for TA 〉 300°C. This is related to a rearrangement of rigid chains from disordered into the crystalline regions. The absence of SAXS supports the view of a nematic frozen-in liquid crystalline structure contributing to about 40% of the material.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 48 (1997), S. 36-40 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The X-ray long periods from high molecular weight injection molded polyethylene (PE) with a shish-kebab structure have been compared with values derived from electron micrographs. It is shown that while small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) presents two long periods, the direct measurements from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) furnish only the lower SAXS periodicity. In an attempt to clarify this discrepancy of results, laser light diffraction and Fourier transformation of electron micrographs have been undertaken. Using this method two long periods are found in all regions investigated. Results are discussed in terms of the role played by the structured or “weakly crystalline” interlamellar parts, containing a lower electron density, which are neglected by the small angle scattering of X-rays and which give rise in particular regions to larger scattering periodicities.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 141 (1971), S. 91-116 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Proben aus isotaktischem Polypropylen bei 20 und 100°C zu einem Dehnungsverhältnis von 6 oder 10 verstreckt, wurden mit freien und festgehaltenen Enden zwischen 40 und 155°C für verschieden lange Zeiten zwischen 1 und 103 Minuten getempert. Alle Tempereffekte sind ausgeprägter für Proben, die frei schrumpfen können, als für Proben mit festgehaltenen Enden. Die Desorientierung des Kristallgitters und das Schrumpfen schreiten extrem rasch fort und erreichen in kurzer Zeit Sättigungswerte, die charakteristisch für die Tempertemperatur sind. Bei höheren Tempertemperaturen kann man nur noch die Sättigungswerte beobachten, da der ganze Vorgang in weniger als einer Minute beendet ist. Das Langperiodenwachstum, der Dichteanstieg und die Erhöhung der Intensität der Kleinwinkelstreuung sind dem Logarithmus der Temperzeit proportional. Deshalb dauern diese Effekte mit zwar stetig abfallender Steigung noch lange an, nachdem die Desorientierung und das Schrumpfen schon längst zu einem Stillstand gekommen sind. An Hand des Zweistufenmodells der plastischen Deformation von kristallinen Hochpolymeren, das die Bildung von zugfesten, gut orientierten und durch zwischenfibrillare Verbindungsmoleküle verknüpften Mikrofibrillen annimmt, können die Beobachtungen befriedigend gedeutet werden.
    Notes: Isotactic polypropylene samples drawn at 20 and 100°C to a draw ratio 6 and 10 were annealed with free and fixed ends between 40 and 155°C for periods of time between 1 and 103 min. All the annealing effects proceeded farther with unclamped samples free to shrink than with clamped samples. The disorientation of crystal lattice and the shrinkage are extremely fast reaching saturation values characteristic for the temperature of annealing. At higher annealing temperature, one could observe merely the saturation values with the whole transition being completed in less than 1 min. The long period growth, the increase in density, and the intensity of small-angle X-ray scattering are linear functions of the logarithm of annealing time and hence persist with gradually decreasing rate long after the completion of disorientation and shrinkage. The observed effects can be well explained on the basis of the two-stage model of plastic deformation of crystalline polymers which assumes the formation of strong well-aligned microfibrils connected by interfibrillar tie molecules.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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