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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 1 (1990), S. 275-285 
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Polyaspartamide-type drug carriers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Poly-D, L-succinimide (1) is converted to copolyaspartamides of the general type 2 by sequential treatment with diamine nucleophiles R′—NH2 and R″—NH2, in which R′ is a group containing a tertiary amine function providing water solubility, and R″ represents a substituent comprising primary or secondary amino groups capable of interaction with suitably carboxyl- or carbonyl-functionalized drug models. The reactions are performed in dimethylformamide medium under mild, yet carefully controlled conditions conducive to aminolytic imide ring opening in the educt polymer without causing crosslink formation through difunctional interaction of the R″—NH2 co-nucleophile. The perfectly water-soluble polymeric products (ηinn, 5-30 ml/g), purified and isolated by dialysis (12,000-14,000 molecular mass cut-off) and freeze-drying, are of interest as macromolecular carrier species for pharmaceuticals and other biologically active agents. The drug-binding potential of the target polymers is demonstrated by the coupling, through active ester intermediacy, of phenylacetic acid as a representative drug model to selected copolyamides.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 7 (1996), S. 867-872 
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: polymeric drug carriers ; water solubility ; oligo(ethylene oxide) segments ; cis-diaminedichloroplatinum(II) conjugates ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Following a brief discussion of the concept of polymer-drug conjugation and the use of platinum drugs in cancer therapy, the paper presents recent results in the synthesis of water-soluble polymeric carriers designed for the binding of antineoplastic coordination compounds of the cisplatin type. The target polymers, specifically, are linear aliphatic polyamides comprising the ethylenediamine ligand system in the main chain as the potential metal binding site. With solubility in aqueous media a key requirement for intravenously injectable conjugates, the polymers also contain hydrosolubilizing oligo(ethylene oxide) units in the chain, which serve the additional purpose of imparting resistance to serum protein binding and capture by the reticuloendothelial system. The synthesis methods include interfacial polymerization, high-temperature solution polycondensation in polyphosphoric acid and Michael addition polymerization, with 1,2-bis(2-aminoethylamino)ethane and 1,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane used as the amine comonomers providing the ethylenediamine ligand segment. The target polymers, crudely fractionated by dialysis in 25,000 molecular-mass cult-off tubing, are isolated by freeze-drying as water-soluble solids possessing inherent viscosities of 10-20 ml/g. A selected carrier polymer is converted to the corresponding water-soluble cis-diaminedichloroplatinum(II) conjugate by treatment with tetrachloroplatinate(II) anion in aqueous solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As part of a program to synthesize water-soluble polymeric carriers suitable for drug binding, the polyaddition reaction of methylenebisacrylamide with comonomers containing two pri-mary amino groups is investigated. The copolymerization of the bisacrylamide with equi-molar quantities of primary diamines under properly controlled experimental conditions is found to proceed in a linear propagation, giving rise to the formation of polyamides comprising two or more secondary amino groups in the recurring unit. Selected diamine monomers include ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, 1,2-bis (3-aminopropylamino) ethane, and three 0,0´-bis-(2-aminopropyl) derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol) of different chain length, the last three monomers being chosen because of their outstanding hydrosolubilizing properties. Use of two different diamines in the proper stoi-chiometry leads to corresponding copolymers. The reactions are conducted in aqueous phase over periods of 1-3 days at 65°C, and the polymeric products, possessing the linear polyamidoamine structures 1 and 2, are fractionated by dialysis in membrane tubing with 12000-14000 molecular-mass cutoff and are isolated by freeze-drying as solid or resinous materials possessing complete solubility in water. Inherent viscosities are in the range of 8- 40mLg-1. Microanalytical and spectroscopic data confirm the proposed structures. The suitability of the intrachain secondary amine functions for side chain attachment and drug coupling is demonstrated in model reactions involving N-substitution. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In continuation of previous investigations of aspartamide-type polymers as drug carriers, polyaspartamides featuring hydrosolubilizing poly(alkylene oxide) side chains in addition to ethylenediamine side-group functions as potential drug-binding sites are synthesized from poly-D,L-succinimide by successive aminolytic ring-opening steps. Yields are in the range of 45-55%. Depending on selected feed ratios, the target polymers contain both the poly(alkylene oxide) and the ethylenediamine groups in systematically varied proportions. Compositions are determined microanalytically and from relative band intensities of the 1H-NMR spectra. The polymers dissolve smoothly and completely in aqueous media and thus fulfill the major design requirement of water solubility. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 3023-3033 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of cardanol derivatives prepared in a preceding study1 are evaluated as PVC plasticizers. These include butyl anacardate (3), cyclohexyl anacardate (4), 3-(pentadec-8′-enyl)phenyl acetate (5), 3-(8′,9′-diacetoxypentadecyl)phenyl acetate (6), and 3-(8′-epoxypentadecyl)phenyl acetate (7). The evaluation initially involves compatibility and Brabender plastification testing. The two acetates 6 and 7 as the most promising compounds are selected for further investigation, comprising the determination of tensile properties and thermal stability behavior of compression-molded plasticized PVC sheet material. The extrudability of a plasticized wire coating formulation is also studied. The plasticizing efficiency of both 6 and 7 is on a par with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate used as a standard plasticizer. In addition, both acetates show distinct costabilizing efficiency, the expoxyacetate 7 in this respect being superior to the other compounds tested. Cardanol, readily available as a by-product of cashew nut processing, thus may represent a welcome addition to the strained raw material market in the plasticizer field.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 821-827 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polycondensation of 1,1′-diearboxycobalticenium hexafluorophosphate with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine in ethylated poly phosphoric acid at 100-240°C furnishes linear, soluble polymeric intermediates for the most part composed of cobalticenium-1,1′-diyl and bibenzimidazoline-2,2′-diyl units alternating along the chain. Heating of the primary products in the solid state at 300°C results in aromatization, giving polyheterocyclics essentially composed of alternating cobalticenium-1,1′-diyl and bibenzimidazole-2,2′-diyl units. The analogous reaction of the cobalticenium salt with 3,3′dimercaptobenzidine produces primary polymers containing benzothiazoline in lieu of benzimidazoline ring systems, which, by a heat treatment as before, convert to the corresponding polymeric benzothiazoles. The primary condensation products of both reaction types are of low molecular mass (ηinh, 5-13 ml/g) vlien prepared at temperatures not exceeding 150°C. The degree of polymerization increases (ηinh, 20-60 ml/g) at temperatures in the 200-250°C range; however, Lewis acid-induced cobalt-ring bond cleavage proceeds as a significant side reaction under these conditions, leading to random chain scission and alteration of the polymer structure by alicvclic hydrocarbon groups. In addition, the benzimidazole polymers are to a variable extent contaminated with phosphate groups stemming from the medium. These structural defects, paired with distinct reactivity of the PF6- anion at higher temperatures, result in a thermogravimetric analysis performance not quite equal to that of common phenylene-bridged Polybinzazoles.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 156 (1988), S. 59-67 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Pfropfen von Polyacrylnitril (PAN) auf Guaran wurde mit (NH4)2 Ce (NO3)6 in 1 M HNO3, initiiert und in 2,5 · 10-3 M wäßrigen, kolloidalen Lüsungen oder wäußrig-methanolischen Suspensionen durchgeführt. Diese Reaktion füihrte zu Polysacchariden mit PAN-Seitenketten. Die Pfropfgehalte betrugen 11 - 53%. Der Abbau der Hauptkette erfolgte mit siedender wäßriger HCl und führte zur Abtrennung der PAN-Seitenketten. Das zahlenmittlere Molekulargewicht dieser Seitenketten wurde viskosimetrisch mit Hilfe der bekannten Mark-Houwink-Gleichung (K = 3,92 · 10-4, a = 0,75) zu ca. 15000-48000 bestimmt. Die Pfropfhäufigkeiten sind im Bereich von 0,004 - 0,012, dies entspricht im Durchschnitt 80 - 250 nichtgepfropften Repetiereinheiten pro gepfropfte Einheit in der Guaranhauptkette. Die Pfropfcopolymeren sind als Vorläufer von carboxylfunktionalisierten, wasserlöslichen Polysacchariden interessant, die in späteren Untersuchungen als polymere Spurenelement-und Arzneimittelträger verwendet werden.
    Notes: The room-temperature grafting of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) onto guaran (guar gum) in 2.5 × 10-3 M aqueous sols or aqueous-methanolic suspensions, initiated by (NH4)4 Ce(NO3)6 in 1M HNO3, leads to PAN-branched polysaccharides with graft contents of 11 - 53%. Main chain degradation by treatment with boiling aqueous HCl results in detachment of the PAN side chains, for which number-average molecular masses of ca. 15000 - 48000 are determined viscometrically with the aid of the known Mark-Houwink relationship (K = 3.92 × 10-4, a = 0.75). Grafting frequencies are in the range of 0.004 - 0.012, equivalent to an average of 80 - 250 non-grafted repeat units for every singly grafted unit in the guaran main chain. The graft copolymers are of interest as precursors of carboxyl-functionalized, water-soluble polysaccharides to serve as polymeric micronutrient and drug carriers of future studies.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 84 (1965), S. 213-224 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die Reaktion von Ferrocen mit Furfural untersucht. Dabei wurde gefunden, daß in der Schmelze mit LEWIS-Säuren als Katalysatoren Kondensation erreicht werden kann. Die entstehenden Polymeren sind überwiegend linear. Die Ketten setzen sich aus Ferrocenylen- und Methin-Einheiten zusammen; die letzteren tragen 2-Furyl-Substituenten. Die Molekulargewichte (Zahlenmittel) liegen im Bereich von etwa 800 bis 4500. Ein Strukturbewies für diese Produkte ergibt sich aus chemischer, IR- und NMR-Analysis von unfraktionierten wie fraktionierten Proben. Einheitlichere Fraktionen wurden zur Bestimmung des Anteils an homoannularer Bindung innerhalb der Polymerkette verwendet. Mehrere Konkurrenzreaktionen unter Einbeziehung der 2-Furyl-Gruppe wurden beobachtet.
    Notes: The interaction of ferrocene with furfural has been investigated. It has been found that condensation can be achieved in the melt phase, with LEWIS acids as catalysts. The resulting polymers are predominantly linear, with chains composed of alternating ferrocenylene and methine units and 2-furyl substituents attached to the latter. The number-average moleculare weights range from approximately 800 to 4500. Structural evidence for these products has been derived from chemical, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analyses on non-fractionated and subfractionated samples. Subfractions of enhanced monodispersity have been utilized for determination of degree of homoannular bonding along the polymer backbone. Several competing side-reactions involving the 2-furyl group have been observed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einige Abkdmmlinge der Poly(α, β-,L-asparaginslure) (2) rnit Aminogruppen in der Seitenkette wurden zur Verwendung als makromolekulare Wirkstofftrager hergestellt. Die Strukturen der Zielpolymeren wurden im Hinblick auf vollstandige Wasserlöslichkeit als Voraussetzung fur eine schonende intraven6se Anwendung gewtihlt; die Strategie dieser Seitenkettenmodifizierung bringt die gestellte Forderung zum Ausdruck, alle Reaktionsschritte in teilweise oder vollstandig waRriger Phase durchzufuhren. Die Poly(asparaginsaure) (2)  -  ein bekanntes Polyamid, hergestellt aus Poly(bernsteinsaureimid) (1) und sowohl mit α- als such P-Peptideinheiten in der Polymerkette  -  wurde rnit Ethylendiamin, Diethylentriamin, N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-ethylendiamin und Hydrazin in Gegenwart wasserldslicher Carbodiimide umgesetzt. Dies fiihrte zu den modifizierten Poly(asparaginen) 3 bis 6 rnit primaren Aminogruppen in der Seitenkette. Wirksamer und unter Umgehung der Poly(asparaginsaure) (2) als Zwischenstufe erwies sich die direkte nucleophile Offnung des Imidringes in 1 mit den gleichen Aminen. Die wasserloslichen Poly(asparagine) 3 bis 6 wurden analytisch und spektroskopisch charakterisiert; sie zeigten inharente Viskositaten (qinh) zwischen 5 und 20 ml g-1 und besaRen die strukturellen Voraussetzungen zur Verankerung von Wirkstoffen an der Seitenkette bedingt durch die Modifizierung rnit Aminogruppen. Die Substituierbarkeit dieser funktionellen Gruppen als ein Ma6 fur die Fahigkeit zur Wirkstoffimmobilisierung wurde anhand der Umsetzung von 5 und 6 zu den N-acryloylierten Derivaten 7 und 8  -  und weiterer Umsetzung von 7 zu 9  -  und anhand der Kondensation von 5-Formylsalicylsaure mit der  -  zweizahnigen  -  Etylendiaminseitengruppe in 4 zur entsprechenden Verbindung 10 rnit einer bioaktiven Salicylgruppe als Seitenkettenkomponente gezeigt.
    Notes: Several derivatives of poly(α,β-D,L-aspartic acid) (2) comprising amine functions as side chain components are synthesized for use as macromolecular drug carriers. The structures of the target polymers are designed so as to provide complete solubility in water, a prerequisite for smooth intravenous administration, and the strategy of derivatization reflects the requirement for the performance of all reaction steps in a partially or entirely aqueous phase. The poly(aspartic acid) (2)  -  a known synthetic polyamide obtained from poly(succinimide) (1) and composed of both α- and β- peptide units in the chain  -  is coupled with ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, and hydrazine, respectively, in the presence of water-soluble carbodiimides. This gives the poly(aspartamides) 3 to 6 possessing primary amino side groups. More efficaciously, circumventing the intermediacy of the polyacid 2, polymers 3 to 6 are obtained through nucleophilic opening of the imide rings in 1 by the same amine reactants. The analytically and spectroscopically characterized, water-soluble target polymers 3 to 6 have inherent viscosities ranging from 5 to 20 ml g-1 and possess the structural prerequisites for side-chain drug anchoring involving the spacer-bound amino groups. The susceptibility of these functional groups to substitution as a measure of their drug binding capabilities is demonstrated by conversion of 5 and 6 to the N-acryloylated derivatives 7 and 8  -  with 7 further derivatized to give 9  -  and by condensation of 5-formylsalicylic acid with the bidentate  -  ethylenediamine side group in 4 to give the conjugate 10 containing the bioactive salicylyl group as a side-chain component.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zwölf wasserlösliche N-substituierte Polyaspartamide wurden aus Polysuccinimid 1 durch nucleophile Ringöffnung hergestellt und elementaranalytisch sowie spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Die relative Hydrolysebeständigkeit der Hauptketten wurde durch 24-48 h dauernde Dialyse wäßriger Lösungen der Polymeren bestimmt, um deren Eignung als homo- oder copolymere Träger für biologisch aktive Substanzen zu prüfen. In Übereinstimmung mit früheren Arbeiten zeigte sich, daß die N-(2-Aminoethyl)- und N-(3-Aza-6-oxahexyl)-substituierten Derivate 2a und 2b (10-20% Rückgewinnung nach 48 h) sehr unbeständig und das 3,6-Diazahexyl-substituierte Derivat 2c (45% Rückgewinnung) relative unbeständig waren. Diese drei Substanzen sind daher für eine Kupplungsreaktion mit biologisch aktiven Substanzen in wäßriger Lösung ungeeignet, es sei denn, daß eine solche Reaktion kurzzeitig durchgeführt werden kann. Eine gute bis ausgezeichnete Stabilität mit einer Rückgewinnung im Bereich 70-95% weisen jedoch die Polymeren 2d-21 auf, welche keine primären oder sekundären Aminogruppen in der Seitenkette tragen, die weniger als drei C-Atome vom Amid-Stickstoff entfernt sind. Diese Polyaspartamide sind die N-(3-Aminopropyl)-, N-(3-Aminohexyl)-und N-(3-Piperazinylethyl)-substituierten Derivate 2e, 2f und 2h mit einer primären oder sekundären Aminfunktion als Ankergruppe und das N-(2-(Dimethoxy)-ethyl)-Derivat 21, das als Vorstufe für ein formyl-funktionalisiertes Trägerpolymeres von Interesse ist. Schließlich bieten sich die Monomereinheiten 2i und 2j mit 3-(Dimethylamino)propyl-bzw. 3-(Morpholin-4-yl)propyl-Substituenten als löslichkeitsverbessernde Segmente in Copolymeren an, die zusätzliche Wiederholungseinheiten mit Ankergruppen tragen.
    Notes: A total of 12 water-soluble N-substituted polyaspartamides, some of these previously reported, are synthesized from the polysuccinimide 1 by nucleophilic ring opening and are characterized microanalytically and spectroscopically. The relative hydrolytic mainchain stabilities of the product polymers are evaluated in dialysis tests (6000-8000 molecular-mass cut-off) performed over periods of 24-48 h in aqueous solution in an effort to assess their suitability as homo- or copolymeric carriers for aqueous-phase coupling to biologically active agents. In agreement with previous work, resistance to main-chain degradation is found to be very poor with the N-(2-aminoethyl)- and N-(3-aza-6-oxahexyl)-substituted derivatives 2a and 2b (10-20% recovery after 48 h), and moderately poor with the 3,6-diazahexyl-substituted 2c (45% recovery). These three representatives, hence, cannot efficaciously be subjected to aqueous-phase drugcoupling reactions save for short exposure times. Good to excellent stabilities, however, with product recoveries in the 70-95% range, are shown by the remainder of polymers, 2d-21, all of which are characterized by the absence of primary or secondary amino groups in the side chains separated from the amide nitrogen atom by less than three carbon atoms. Polyaspartamides selected from this group for their promising drug coupling potential include the N-(3-aminopropyl)-, N-(3-aminohexyl)-, and N-(2-ṕiperazinylethyl)-substituted types 2e, 2f and 2h possessing primary or secondary amine functions as anchoring sites, and the N-(2-(dimethoxy)ethyl) derivative 21, of interest as the precursor to a formyl-functionalized carrier polymer. Lastly, the units of 2i and 2j, featuring 3-(dimethylamino)propyl and 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propyl substituents, lend themselves as solubilizing segments in copolymers that comprise additional repeat units equipped with drug-anchoring sites.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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