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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 179 (1989), S. 242-250 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carotenoid ; Chloroplast differentiation ; Photosystem II (assembly) ; Pigment-protein complex ; Scenedesmus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dark-grown cells of mutant C-6D of the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus exhibit a high activity of photosystem I (PSI) but lack activity of photosystem II (PSII). These cells contain only the pigment-protein complex CPI, representing the reaction-center of PSI. Only chlorophyll a and precursors of carotenoids (lycopene, neurosporene, ξ-carotene, β-zeacarotene) could be detected in dark-grown cells by analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography. Activity of PSII and the corresponding pigment-protein complex, CPa, develop immediately upon transfer to light. Light-harvesting complexes and higher molecular forms of PSI are synthesized only in the later stages of light-induced chloroplast differentiation. During illumination the amounts of carotenoid precursors decrease and carotenes, xanthophylls and chlorophylls a and b are formed. β-Carotene and lutein are synthesized without a lag-phase. Their kinetics are similar to those of CPa formation and development of PSII activity. In contrast, all other xanthophylls are synthesized only after a lag-phase of about 30 min. Inhibition of the transformation of precursors into carotenoids by nicotine prevents the light-inducible development of PSII activity and CPa formation. During illumination under anaerobic conditions no xanthophylls are synthesized but high amounts of α- and β-carotene accumulate. Such cells exhibit no PSII activity and show only traces of CPa. After subsequent transfer to aerobic conditions the xanthophylls are synthesized and simultaneously active PSII units are formed. The results prove that carotenoids are essential components for the assembly of active PSII units. Strong evidence is given that lutein is the absolute necessary prerequisite for this process. Whether β-carotene is also an absolute necessary prerequisite for a functioning PSII unit cannot be deduced from our experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chloroplast differentiation ; Light-harvesting complex I ; Long wavelength antenna ; Photosystem I ; Pigment-protein complex ; Scenedesmus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dark-grown cells of the pigment mutant C-6D of Scenedesmus obliquus, strain D3 (Gaffron 1939), contain only chlorophyll (Chl) a and carotenoid precursors. In these cells a functioning photosystem I (PSI) of basic structure was characterised by a high PSI activity and a low Chl/P700 ratio. The reaction-center complex of PSI (CPI) was shown to exist in the dark-grown cells. These findings demonstrate that the assembly of the core complex of PSI and its function are independent of the presence of carotenoids. Upon illumination, carotenoids, Ch1 b and additional Chl a were synthesized. Newly formed β-carotene was shown by pigment analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to be incorporated into CPI. Parallel to this process a shift of the long-wavelength fluorescence emission of PSI from 712–714 to 718–719 nm was observed. In the later stages of chloroplast differentiation, when xanthophylls and Chl b were synthesized, a higher-molecular-weight complex of PSI (CPIa) could be isolated. Pigment analysis demonstrated that CPIa contained xanthophylls and Chl b in addition to Chl a and β-carotene. This indicates the formation of a light-harvesting antenna closely associated with PSI (LHCI). The addition of an LHCI to the reaction-center complex of PSI caused an increase in the absorption cross-section of PSI as shown by action spectroscopy and in-vivo fluorescence measurements. A model demonstrating the changes in the molecular organization of PSI during light-induced carotenoid biosynthesis in mutant C-6D of Scenedesmus obliquus is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: O3 ; Ox ; boundary layer ; lower troposphere ; Europe ; distribution ; seasonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Surface ozone data from 25 Europeanlow-altitude sites and mountain sites located between79°N and 28°N were studied. The analysiscovered the time period March 1989–February 1993.Average summer and winter O3 concentrations inthe boundary layer over the continent gave rise togradients that were strongest in the north-west tosouth-east direction and west-east direction, respectively. WintertimeO3 ranged from 19 to 27 ppbover the continent, compared to about 32 ppb at thewestern border, while for summer the continentalO3 values ranged between 39 and 56 ppb and theoceanic mixing ratios were around 37 ppb. In the lowerfree troposphere average wintertime O3 mixingratios were around 38 ppb, with only an 8 ppbdifference between 28°N and 79°N. For summerthe average O3 levels decreased from about 55 ppbover Central Europe to 32 ppb at 79°N. Inaddition, O3 and Ox(= O3 + NO2)in polluted and clean air were compared. Theamplitudes of the seasonal ozone variations increasedin the north-west to south-east direction, while thetime of the annual maximum was shifted from spring (atthe northerly sites) to late summer (at sites inAustria and Hungary), which reflected the contributionof photochemical ozone production in the lower partsof the troposphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: NMHC ; winter averages ; background air ; Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Within the EUROTRAC sub project TOR, an European network of advanced monitoring stations situated at representative sites is operated, starting in 1988. Within the EMEP Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe measurements of VOC started in August 1992. In this study the combined TOR-EMEP data base has been used. Sector analyses have been performed in order to distinguish between unpolluted and the polluted air masses at each site. The seasonal averages have been calculated for each sector and site, and the results are discussed. Data allocated to the unpolluted sectors represents the common European background, and in the winter similar NMHC concentrations are found at all sites north of 50°N. These sites cover the area from North Europe into the Arctic (79°N), and the small north-south gradient indicates that NMHC builds up in the northern troposphere in winter, probably due to an efficient meridional mixing and slow photochemical reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and biological testing of analogues of Met-enkephalin, a recently discovered opioid peptide from mammalian brain, are described. Testing involved determination of affinity constants for an opiate receptor site and of analgesic potency in the tail-flick test in mouse. The effects on opioid activity of modifying various parts of the enkephalin molecule are discussed. Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-MePheMet (O)-olThe ending -ol added to the symbol of an amino acid designates the aminoalcohol obtained by reduction of the α-carboxyl group of the amino acid. (FK 33-824), which was highly active in these tests, was subsequently selected for clinical testing.The use of two complementary models - in vitro binding studies and in vivo test for analgesia - for the assessment of biological activity in the evaluation of analogues is explained.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An N methylated residue at the n - 3 position of the chain was used to reduce the maximum number of H-bonds realizable y some D,L-alternating oligopeptides in β4.4-, ↑↑5.6- and ↑↓5.6-helices and thus increase for the oligopeptides, the relative stability of larger β-helices. With D, L-alternating oligoleucines of the series Boc-Leun-OMe, however, this approach did not produce the helices expected. Although ↑↓7.2-helices with only one free NH per strand would theoretically be possible, the N-methylated oligoleucines formed instead flawed β4.4-helices having three free NH's in CHCl3 as well as in other solvents of low polarity. These observations confirm that the stability of β-helices does not depend only on the number of intra-or interstrand H-bonds, and corroborate the idea that β-helices with large cavities are inherently unstable.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 327 (1985), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 13C-N.M.R. Spectroscopic Investigations of 2-, 4-, and 6-Brominated Cholest-4-en-3-one Derivatives
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 328 (1986), S. 582-588 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of Bromo Derivatives of 6β-Bromocholest-4-en-3-one with NaBH4 and 13C-NMR Spectroscopic Characterization of the Reduction ProductsBromo derivatives of 6β-bromcholest-4-en-3-one (1a-f) were reduced with sodium borohydride. The main product of the reduction of 2α,6β-dibromcholest-4-en-3-one (1b) was 2α-bromocholesterol (2b). In other cases the corresponding derivatives of 6β-bromocholest-4-en-3β-ol (3a) were formed. The chemical shifts of all new products were determined. They confirmed the structure of these new compounds.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 326 (1984), S. 273-278 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 13C-N.M.R. Spectroscopic Investigation of 2-Bromo-cholest-5-en-3-onesThe 13C-n.m.r. spectra of the 2-epimeric 2-bromocholest-5-en-3-ones have been measured and the substituent effects are determined. The substituent effects of 2-Br and Δ5 double bond follow the rules known from literature.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 139 (1934), S. 277-283 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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