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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 64 (1986), S. 862-870 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Kidney ; Ammoniagenesis ; Glutamine metabolism ; Ammonium excretion ; Ammonium transport ; Nonvolatile acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Hauptort der renalen NH3↔NH 4 + -Bildung ist die proximale Tubuluszelle. Glutamin ist das wesentliche Substrat dafür. Die Desamidierung durch die mitochondriale Glutaminase ergibt Glutamat− und NH 4 + (und nicht NH3, wie oft behauptet). Ein zweites NH 4 + -Ion wird aus der Desaminierung von Glutamat− zu 2-Oxo-Glutarat2− gewonnen. NH 4 + gelangt in das Tubuluslumen großteils (aber nicht ausschließlich) in der Form von NH3 (nicht-ionische Diffusion). Für jedes sezernierte NH3 bleibt ein H+-Ion in der Zelle zurück, das separat ins Lumen transportiert wird. Im Lumen wird aus beiden wieder NH 4 + gebildet, das dann im Urin ausgeschieden wird. Dieser Prozeßper se entfernt keine H+-Ionen aus dem Körper. Zu diesem Zwecke müssen erst die anionischen Metaboliten, die bei der Ammoniagenese entstehen (2-Oxo-Glutarat2− u.a.), in neutrale Stoffe umgewandelt werden (CO2, Glukose). Dies geschieht ebenfalls, wenn auch nicht notwendigerweise, in der Tubuluszelle. Für jede negative Ladung des Substrats entsteht dabei ein HCO 3 − -Ion, das die Zelle auf der Blutseite verläßt. Eine luminale NH 4 + -Bildung, katalysiert durch γ-Glutamyltransferase, trägt in geringem Ausmaß zur NH 4 + -Anhäufung im Lumen bei. Am Ende des proximalen Konvoluts findet sich 9mal mehr NH3↔NH 4 + als im Glomerulusfiltrat. Nur ein Drittel davon erreicht das distale Konvolut, vor allem weil NH 4 + als solches im dicken, aufsteigenden Teil der Henleschen Schleife durch Co-Transport oder Elektrodiffusion resorbiert wird. Beide Prozesse erhalten ihre Energie durch den aktiven Na+-Transport in diesem Nephronteil. Dadurch wird NH3↔NH 4 + u.a. im medullären Interstitium akkumuliert, so daß ein chemischer Gradient für die nicht-ionische Diffusion von NH3 ins Lumen des Sammelrohrs aufgebaut wird. Begünstigt wird dies auch durch den sauren Disäquilibriums-pH-Wert im Lumen dieses Segments. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, daß NH3↔NH 4 + , wohl via nicht-ionische Diffusion, auch in den absteigenden Teil der Henleschen Schleife sezerniert wird, um, zusammen mit der NH 4 + -Resorption im aufsteigenden Schleifenteil, die hohe interstitielle NH3↔NH 4 + -Konzentration, die markwärts zunimmt, aufrechtzuerhalten. Das Prinzip der Gegenstrom-Multiplikation scheint daher auch bei der NH 4 + -Ausscheidung eine wesentliche Rolle zu spielen.
    Notes: Summary The proximal tubule cell is the major site of renal ammoniagenesis. Glutamine is the major substrate. Deamidation by mitochondrial glutaminase yields glutamate− and NH 4 + (not NH3, as traditionally taught). A second NH 4 + ion is obtained by deamination of glutamate− to 2-oxo-glutarate2−. NH 4 + preferentially enters the tubule lumen primarily, but probably not exclusively, by non-ionic diffusion of NH3. For each NH3 formed in the cell one H+ ion is left behind. H+ and NH3 are secreted on separate routes, but recombine in the lumen to NH 4 + and reach the final urine in this form. This processper se does not net-remove H+ from the organism. For this purpose, the anionic products of ammoniagenesis (2-oxo-glutarate2− and others) have to be converted into neutral compounds (CO2, glucose). This metabolism again takes place usually in the tubule cell. For each negative charge one HCO 3 − is formed which enters the peritubular blood. Luminal γ-glutamyl transferase-mediated ammoniagenesis contributes to NH 4 + accumulation in the proximal tubule to a small extent. The endproximal NH 4 + delivery exceeds the filtered load by a factor of 9. Only 1/3 of it reaches the distal convoluted tubule mainly because NH 4 + as such is reabsorbed from the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop by secondary active transport or electrodiffusion. Both processes are energized by the active Na+ transport in this segment. Thereby NH3↔NH 4 + is accumulated in the medullary interstitium, which establishes the chemical gradient for non-ionic diffusion of NH3 into the lumen of the collecting ducts. This is favoured by the acidic disequilibrium pH in the lumen of this segment. Secretion of NH3↔NH 4 + , probably by non-ionic diffusion, also into the descending limb of the loop is hypothesized to maintain (together with the NH 4 + reabsorption in the thick ascending limb) the high interstitial NH3↔NH 4 + concentration increasing towards to inner medulla. Thus, the principle of counter current multiplication seems to be involved also in NH 4 + excretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Radiation Applications & Instrumentation. Part 41 (1990), S. 185-188 
    ISSN: 0883-2889
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Inorganica Chimica Acta 116 (1986), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 0020-1693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 46 (1993), S. 867-871 
    ISSN: 0091-3057
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Flunarizine ; Hypoxia ; Learning behavior ; Long-term effect ; Striatum
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 356 (1988), S. 39-47 
    ISSN: 0022-328X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Polyhedron 7 (1988), S. 285-289 
    ISSN: 0277-5387
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0020-1693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Keywords: Amino acids – Spreading depression – Infarct – Ischemia – Microdialysis – DC potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. Taurine and glutamate were monitored by microdialysis technique during various cerebral insults: a. Application of K+ triggered a cortical spreading depression (CSD). Taurine and glutamate increased concomitantly but recovery of glutamate was faster than that of taurine. b. Application of NMDA induced also CSD but only taurine increased. c. Induction of an infarct triggered repetitive CSDs. Taurine increased rapidly whereas glutamate rose slowly starting with some delay. d. After induction of ischemia, taurine and glutamate increased after onset of depolarisation. The increase of glutamate occurred late after a small, transient increase in parallel with the depolarisation. These data suggest a close functional relationship between the changes of both amino acids. Therefore, they should be monitored together especially in clinical settings: during excitation, only taurine will increase; during overexcitation, taurine will also increase but to a higher maximum followed by a moderate rise of glutamate; after energy failure, taurine will accumulate to its highest level followed by a continuous rise of glutamate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Novel experimental evidence is presented for the phase heterogeneity of a thermotropic copolyester containing 50 % of p-hydroxybenzdic acid (HB). Characteristic phase morphologies accompanying spinodal decomposition in polymer blends can be detected. Fractionation and a NMR-analysis demonstrate that the copolyester contains two constituents which differ in their HB-contents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-8353
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 2-Hydrogen-1,3-dioxa-2,4,7-trisilacycloheptanes and 2-hydrogen-1,3-dioxa-2,4,8-trisiacyclooctanes, each as a mixture of three configurational isomers, were synthesized and halogenated with chlorine and bromine in the presence of pyridine. The stereochemical course of the halogenation reactions was studied by gas chromatography. 2-Chloro-2,4,7-trimethyl-4,7-bis(trimethyl-siloxy)-1,3-dioxa-2,4,7-trisiacycloheptanes and 2-chloro-2,4,7-trimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,3-dioxa-2,4,7-trisilacycloheptanes reacted with alcohols in the presence of pyridine, triethylamine, or 2,6-dimethylpyridine. Gas chromatography, and1H NMR and29Si NMR spectroscopy were used to investigate the stereochemistry of these substitution reactions. It has been found that all reactions proceed with retention of configuration and that the differences of the relative reactivities of the configurational isomers were distinctly smaller than those observed for reactions of the configurations isomers of functional cyclotrisiloxanes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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