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  • Chromatophores  (3)
  • size of cross progenies  (3)
  • Kindesmißhandlung
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 94 (1985), S. 93-101 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Infant skull fractures ; Biomechanical fragility ; Battered child syndrome ; Schädelfraktur, Säuglinge ; Biomechanische Fragilität ; Kindesmißhandlung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Fortführung früherer experimenteller, postmortaler Schädelbruchverletzungen von Säuglingen nach Stürzen aus 82 cm Höhe wurden weitere 35 Sturzversuche durchgeführt, so daß insgesamt Ergebnisse von 50 Fällen vorliegen. Bei je 5 Sturzversuchen auf harten Untergrund — (Steinkachelboden, Teppichboden und Linol-Schaumstoff) — waren in allen Fällen Kalottenfrakturen entstanden. Bei den 35 Sturzvorgängen auf weich gepolsterten Untergrund — (Schaumstoffmatte, Kamelhaardecke) — traten bei 5 Fällen gleichartige Frakturen auf, die im Os parietale lokalisiert waren. In dieser Region besteht bis zum späten Säuglingsalter wegen primärer Einschichtigkeit der Ossifikation, noch fehlender Diploe und Vaskularisation eine besondere Prädilektionszone für Bruchverletzungen nach stumpfer Gewalt, insbesondere bei Sturz auf den Kopf. Diese Untersuchungsergebnisse haben somit bestätigt, daß nach angeblichen Sturzvorgängen aus Wickeltischhöhe die Annahme der Unversehrtheit des Säuglingsschädels nicht berechtig ist.
    Notes: Summary Following previous experiments on postmortem skull fractures of infants, falls from 82-cm heights onto stone (A), carpet (B) and foam-backed linoleum (C), 35 further falling tests were carried out onto softly cushioned ground. In 10 cases a 2-cm thick foam rubber mat (D) was chosen and in 25 further cases a double-folded (8-cm-thick) camel hair blanket (E). Hence the results of altogether 50 tests could be evaluated. In test groups A–C on a relatively hard surface, skull fractures of the parietale were observed in every case; in test group D this fracture was seen in one case and in test group E in four cases. Measurements along the fracture fissures showed bone thicknesses of 0.1–0.4 mm. The fracture injuries originated in paper-thin single-layer bone areas without diploe, which can also be considered the preferred regions for skull fractures of older infants following falls from low heights. These results indicate that it is no longer possible to assume that the skull of infants is not damaged after falls from table height.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 92 (1984), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Infant skull fractures, experimental study ; Battered child syndrome ; Schädelfraktur, Säuglinge ; Sturzhöhe ; Kindesmißhandlung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach pädiatrischen Untersuchungen sollen Stürze aus Standhöhe zu Schädelfrakturen des Säuglings führen können und meist symptomlos bleiben. Fast jeder Säugling hat einen oder mehrere Stürze aus „niedriger Höhe“, z. B. aus dem Kinderwagen, vom Wickeltisch, von der Treppe etc., erlitten. Unter den forensischen Aspekten der Aufsichtspflichtverletzung, der Kindesmißhandlung bzw. der Kindestötung stellt sich für den Rechtsmediziner oft die Frage, ob Schädelbrüche beim Säugling tatsächlich bei angeblich geringen Fallhöhen entstehen können. In 3 Testserien (à 5) ist der Sturz aus 0,82 m im freien Fall 1) auf Stein-Kachelboden, 2) auf Teppichboden, 3) auf Linol-Schaumstoffboden erfolgt. Nach den Obduktionsbefunden sind in allen Fällen Schädelbrüche entstanden, unabhängig von der Beschaffenheit des Bodens. In 3 Fällen haben die Bruchlinien die Schädelnähte überschritten. Fazit: 1. Bei Stürzen aus Wickeltischhöhe ist prinzipiell mit Brüchen des Säuglingsschädels zu rechnen. 2. Bei dem Verdacht einer Kindesmißhandlung bleibt letztlich der Gesamtaspekt entscheidend.
    Notes: Summary According to pediatric statements, falls from a standing position may cause skull fractures in infants without specific symptoms. Nearly every infant has at some time fallen from the changing table or the baby carriage, etc. From the forensic aspect it is the duty of experts to discuss the “battered child syndrome.” Evidence given by the defendants concerning the height of the fall are unreliable. Experimental test series concerned with the stumbling height (82 cm in free fall) and three various types of floor—stone, carpet, and foam-backed linoleum—were carried out. In each case skull fractures were seen. In three cases the fractures crossed the sutures. Conclusions: (1) Each fall of an infant from the height of a table may cause a skull fracture, which may lead to death; (2) when child mishandling is suspected, all circumstances must be taken into consideration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 82-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Echinoidea ; Colour change ; Chromatophores ; Amoeboid movement ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für den physiologischen Farbwechsel bei Vertebraten und Evertebraten gilt die Vorstellung, daß eine Pigmentbewegung innerhalb einer formkonstanten Zelle stattfindet. Am Seeigel Centrostephanus longispinus wird nun der Nachweis einer amoeboiden Bewegung von Pigmentzellen geführt: Die Epidermis von Centrostephanus enthält große braune Chromatophoren, die bei Belichtung eine Pigmentdispersion, bei Verdunkelung eine Konzentration des Pigments zeigen. Die Chromatophoren sind außerordentlich stark verzweigte Zellen, deren Arme dicht mit Pigmentgrana erfüllt sind. Im geballten Zustand ist die allgemeine Zellform mehr oder weniger ovoid, wobei die Zellarme eingezogen und dicht um die Zellmitte angeordnet sind. Dispersion des Pigments wird hervorgerufen durch Ausstrecken der pigmentierten Zellarme in den Interzellularraum des umgebenden Gewebes. Innerhalb der Zelle werden filamentöse Elemente nachgewiesen, die vermutlich für die Zellbeweglichkeit verantwortlich sind. — Ferner wird der zelluläre Aufbau des Integuments beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Rapid colour changes in vertebrate and invertebrate species are considered to be due to movement of pigment granules within pigment cells of constant shape. Evidence is presented in this study to show that an amoeboid movement of chromatophores occurs in the epidermis of the Echinoderm Centrostephanus longispinus. The epidermis in this species contains large brown chromatophores, which display a dispersion of pigment on illumination and its concentration on darkening. The chromatophores are extensively branched cells, and their branches are densely packed with pigment granules. In the state of pigment concentration, the shape of the cell is more or less ovoid, and the cell branches are drawn in and closely arranged around the cell centre. Dispersion is attained by a stretching out of the pigmented cell branches into the intercellular spaces of the surrounding tissue. Within the cell, filamentous elements, which may be functional in the motility of the pigment cell, can be demonstrated.—Additionally the cellular composition of the integument is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 165-176 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromatophores ; Light-sensitivity ; Granule motion ; Echinoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alterations in cell shape of the light-sensitive chromatophores of Centrostephanus longispinus are described. Upon illumination a centrifugal pigment movement starts within extremely thin filopodia which radiate from the cell body. With continued pigment migration the cellular processes increase in length and diameter and give the cell an irregular stellate appearance. Pigment movement within the cellular processes is discontinuous in space and time and may occur independently in single filopodia. The motion of single granules shows characteristic features of a saltatory movement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 447-454 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Self-fertilizing crops ; quantitative genetics ; selection index ; size of cross progenies ; combined selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In autogamous species the optimum number of families is calculated for a selection program in two stages conducted in segregating generations. The influence of epistasis is not large. In case of much epistasis the number of families at the first stage must be reduced. In comparison with selection in later generations the second stage is relatively important. Two stage selection is more efficient than combined selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 493-502 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Quantitative genetics ; selection index ; size of cross progenies ; pedigree method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The response to selection is determined by the genetic and nongenetic variance, the selection intensity, and the size of the experiments. If, in pure line breeding, selection starts in segregating generations, the gain depends on the relation of additive to epistatic variance. The gain can be increased if an index is constructed using the information from relatives. From animal breeding this kind of selection is known as combined selection. In this paper the optimal number of families and subfamilies is determined that will maximise the selection response by combined selection for a fixed total size of experiments. The composition of the genetic variance has a imited influence on the optimal size of the progenies. If epistatic variance is important, then the number of F2 families has to be reduced and the number of F3 families and F4 families must be increased. The same is true if the nongenetic variance is increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 28 (1979), S. 453-456 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Self fertilizing crops ; vegetatively propagated crops ; number of crosses ; size of cross progenies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This short paper discusses the optimum number of crosses and size of progenies for a given total population size to minimize the risk of not finding any favourable genotype in the breeding material. It is shown that the number of crosses must generally be as large as possible. In special situations it may be advantageous to include also less promising crosses instead of enlarging the progenies of more promising crosses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 21-33 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromatophores ; Light-sensitivity ; Alteration in cell shape ; Microtubules ; Echinoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alterations in cell shape of the light-sensitive chromatophores of the sea urchin Centrostephanus longispinus were studied by scanning- and transmission electron microscopy. Transition of the aggregated to the dispersed state is accompanied by incorporation of vesicles into the membrane of the pigment cell. During dispersion a system of microtubules originating from centriole-like structures is established throughout the stellate cell. Within restricted areas of the cell, cytoplasmic differentiation and condensation is found. The possible functional significance of the findings is briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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