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  • Cocaine  (5)
  • PCP  (4)
  • Drinking behavior  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased phencyclidine self-administration due to food deprivation: Interaction with concentration and training conditions (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Concentration ; Food deprivation ; Food satiation ; History ; Oral drug self-administration ; Phencyclidine ; PCP ; Training condition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Six monkeys were trained to self-administer orally delivered phencyclidine (0.25 mg/ml) under a fixed-ratio 16 (FR-16) schedule. Water was concurrently available under an FR-16 schedule. During initial phencyclidine training, three monkeys were allowed free access to food (food satiation) and three were maintained at 85% of their free-feeding body weights (food deprivation). At the end of the training phase, the food-satiated monkeys were food-deprived. After behavior was stable for ten sessions, all monkeys were food-satiated and tested with a range of phencyclidine concentrations (0.0625–1 mg/ml). They were subsequently food-deprived and tested with concentrations of 0.0312–1 mg/ml, and then they were again food-satiated and tested with 0.0312 and 0.25 mg/ml. The monkeys that were trained to self-administer phencyclidine-maintained responding at lower drug concentrations when later tested while food-satiated. In contrast, monkeys that were trained while food-deprived did not respond for phencyclidine in excess of water at the lower concentrations when later tested while food-satiated. Drug-maintained performance during food deprivation did not change systematically as a function of training condition (food deprivation versus food satiation). These results illustrated a marked interaction between drug concentration and the feeding condition and this interaction was modified by training history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555202
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oral self-administration of phencyclidine analogs by rhesus monkeys: Conditioned taste and visual reinforcers (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 78 (1982), S. 116-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioned reinforcement ; Dissociative anesthetics ; Oral drug self-administration ; PCE ; PCP ; Rhesus monkeys ; Taste ; TCP ; Visual stimuli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three monkeys self-administered orally-delivered phencyclidine, 1-(1-phencyclohexyl) piperidine (PCP), N-ethyl-1-phencyclohexylamine (PCE), and 1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (TCP) over a wide range of concentrations (0.0156, 0.0312, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/ml). Water was also available under a concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) 16 schedule. Drug deliveries were substantially higher than concurrent water deliveries at all concentrations, indicating that the three compounds functioned as effective reinforcers. Maximum liquid deliveries occurred at concentrations of 0.0625 (PCP and TCP) and 0.125 mg/ml (PCE). TCP was much shorter-acting (10–15 min) than PCP (4–6 h) based on observations of severe ataxia at high concentrations. To investigate the conditioned reinforcing effects of taste, a quinine solution (0.088 mg/ml) was substituted for PCP (0.25 mg/ml) in five monkeys. Four monkeys responded for quinine in excess of water for a range of seven to over 30 sessions, while one monkey (M-R) did not show any substantial responding for quinine. With the same five monkeys (treatment order mixed), the effect of visual stimuli was tested by substituting water for PCP while retaining the visual stimuli indicating drug availability. Four monkeys showed increased responding on the side signaling drug for only 0–4 sessions, while one monkey (M-R) showed persistent responding for water on the side with drug stimuli for 29 sessions. These results indicated that taste functioned as an effective conditioned reinforcer, while visual stimuli appeared to be less effective in the oral drug self-administration paradigm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432246
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoshaping i.v. cocaine self-administration in rats: effects of nondrug alternative reinforcers on acquisition (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 110 (1993), S. 5-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Acquisition ; Autoshaping ; Cocaine ; Drinking behavior ; Food deprivation ; Glucose and saccharin (G+S) ; Intravenous ; Rats ; Self ; administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of a nondrug alternative reinforcer and feeding conditions on the acquisition of cocaine self-administration. Rats were autoshaped to press a lever that resulted in a 0.2 mg/kg IV cocaine infusion. Responses on the lever were monitored during six consecutive autoshaping sessions that occurred each day. A retractable lever was inserted into the operant chamber on a random time 60 s schedule 10 times per session for six sessions that began each hour. Each day the six autoshaping sessions were followed by a 6-h cocaine self-administration session. During self-administration the lever remained extended, and each response on the lever resulted in a cocaine infusion (0.2 mg/kg). The criterion for acquisition of cocaine-reinforced behavior was met when there were 5 consecutive days during which the mean number of infusions during the 6-h self-administration session was at least 100. This procedure was repeated daily until the criterion was met or 30 days elapsed. The rats were also trained to respond on lick-operated automatic drinking devices that delivered 0.05 ml water or a glucose and saccharin solution (G+S) contingent upon each lick response. Five groups of 12–14 rats were compared. The first four groups constituted a 2 × 2 factorial design whereby either G+S or water was available in the home cage for 3 weeks before autoshaping began and G+S or water was available in the operant chamber during autoshaping. These groups were limited to 20 g food per day and all had free access to water. A fifth group had only water available in the home cage and operant chamber, and they had unlimited access to food but no G+S. The results indicated that access to the G+S solution in the operant chamber substantially delayed autoshaping, and a large percentage of these rats did not meet the autoshaping criterion within 30 days. The data from groups that had G+S in the home cage were very similar to those that had only water in the home cage; thus, a history of access to G+S did not interfere with acquisition of cocaine self-administration. Autoshaping in the group that had free access to food was highly variable, but a high positive correlation was found between the amount of food consumed and the number of days taken to meet the acquisition criterion. When the rats from the group that consumed over 20 g were compared to the rats in another group that were limited to 20 g and had no G+S, it was found that the increased food intake markedly decreased the rate of acquisition of cocaine self-administration. These findings indicate that acquisition of cocaine-reinforced behavior is delayed or prevented in environments enriched with nondrug alternative reinforcers such as food and a preferred liquid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246944
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progressive ratio and behavioral economic evaluation of the reinforcing efficacy of orally delivered phencyclidine and ethanol in monkeys: effects of feeding conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 128 (1996), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Behavioral economics ; Break point ; Drug self-administration ; Ethanol ; Food restriction ; Food satiation ; PCP ; Phencyclidine ; Progressive ratio ; Rhesus monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of feeding conditions on the reinforcing efficacy of orally-delivered drugs was evaluated using a progressive-ratio (PR) paradigm and a behavioral economic analysis of demand. Seven monkeys self-administered phencyclidine (PCP) (0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/ml) or ethanol (2, 4, 8, 16, and 32% wt/vol) and concurrent water from two drinking spouts under concurrent PR schedules. The ratios increased from 8 to 4096, and 40 liquid deliveries were available after completion of each ratio schedule. The entire range of drug concentrations was presented in nonsystematic order under two feeding conditions, food restriction and food satiation. Drug maintained responses, deliveries and break points were significantly greater than those maintained by water. Food restriction significantly increased the rate of PCP-maintained responses, deliveries and PR break points over the food satiation baseline. There was also a significant interaction between feeding condition and drug concentration. Although ethanol-maintained responses, liquid deliveries and break points consistently increased in five of seven monkeys during food restriction, only drug concentration produced significant differences in these measures. Using break point as a measure of reinforcing efficacy, food restriction increased the reinforcing efficacy of PCP and had a more pronounced effect at higher drug unit prices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050134
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of buprenorphine on self-administration of cocaine and a nondrug reinforcer in rats (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 106 (1992), S. 439-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Buprenorphine ; Cocaine self-administration ; Drinking behavior ; Intravenous rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nine groups of rats self-administered intravenously-delivered cocaine (0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg) during 24-h sessions contingent upon lever-press responses under a fixed-ratio (FR) 4 schedule. Three other groups of rats responded on tongue-operated drinking devices for deliveries (0.01 ml) of a solution of glucose and saccharin (G+S). There were an additional three groups that initially self-administered cocaine (0.2 mg/kg), and later saline replaced cocaine and extinction behavior was allowed to stabilize. All 15 groups of rats were injected twice daily for 5 days with one of three doses of buprenorphine (0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg). Buprenorphine decreased cocaine self-administration, but the effect of the highest dose was only slightly greater than that of the lowest dose tested. Cocaine infusions were reduced on the first day of treatment, but they increased over the next 4 days of buprenorphine injections. Buprenorphine decreased G+S intake during the last 2 or 3 days of injections. When buprenorphine treatment was terminated, G+S intake decreased even further. These lower rates of intake persisted for at least 5 days, and they returned to baseline by 2 weeks. Saline self-administration was decreased by buprenorphine in all saline extinction groups. Food intake was not altered by buprenorphine in the groups self-administering IV cocaine or saline; however, food intake was reduced in the G+S groups. Water intake increased during buprenorphine treatment in some of the cocaine groups but not in the G+S groups. Responding on the inactive lever was not altered by buprenorphine during cocaine or G+S self-administration, but it decreased in the saline extinction group. These data indicate that buprenorphine is effective in reducing cocaine reinforced behavior, but it also produced decrements in behavior rewarded by nondrug substances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244812
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex differences in the acquisition of intravenously self-administered cocaine and heroin in rats (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 144 (1999), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Acquisition ; Cocaine ; Heroin ; Rat ; Self-administration ; Sex difference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Rationale: Despite numerous reports that male and female animals differ in behavioral responses to drugs, few studies have investigated sex differences in drug-reinforced behavior. Objectives: Acquisition of IV cocaine and heroin self-administration was compared in 20 female and 22 male Wistar rats. Methods: An autoshaping procedure was used to train rats to press a lever that resulted in either a 0.2 mg/kg infusion of cocaine or a 0.015 mg/kg infusion of heroin under a fixed-ratio 1 (FR 1) schedule. Daily sessions consisted of six 1-h autoshaping components followed by a 6-h self-administration component. During each autoshaping component, a retractable lever briefly (15 s) extended into the test chamber on a random interval schedule with a mean of either 90 s (cocaine groups) or 480 s (heroin groups) and either ten (cocaine groups) or five (heroin groups) computer-automated infusions were delivered each hour. During each 6-h self-administration component, the lever remained extended and each response on the lever resulted in an infusion of either cocaine (0.2 mg/kg) or heroin (0.015 mg/kg). The criterion for acquisition of cocaine self-administration was a mean of at least 100 infusions and the criterion for heroin self-administration was a mean of at least 20 infusions during the self-administration component over five consecutive sessions. Results: Female rats acquired both cocaine and heroin self-administration more rapidly than males. Acquisition of cocaine self-administration occurred in a greater percentage of female rats compared to males. Female rats self-administered more cocaine than males after acquisition criteria had been met. Conclusions: These findings indicate that female rats were more vulnerable than males to the acquisition of cocaine and heroin self-administration under the conditions of the present experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050979
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acquisition of oral phencyclidine (PCP) self-administration in rhesus monkeys: effects of dose and an alternative non-drug reinforcer (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 137 (1998), S. 132-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Acquisition ; Alternative reinforcer ; Dose ; Drug self-administration ; Oral phencyclidine ; PCP ; Rhesus monkeys ; Saccharin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of drug dose and a non-drug alternative reinforcer on acquisition of oral PCP self-administration in rhesus monkeys were examined. Acquisition was studied using three groups of monkeys (seven subjects per group). One group received a low PCP dose (0.0375 mg/delivery) and the other two received a high PCP dose (0.15 mg/delivery). One of the high dose groups had concurrent access to a saccharin solution (0.03% w/v) and water during the intersession (17.5-h) period. Food non-restricted monkeys were initially given access to water under a fixed-ratio (FR) 1 schedule during daily 3-h sessions. Water was then replaced with PCP during the session. The monkeys were then reduced to 85% of their free-feeding body weights and fed before the session, and the FR value was increased from 1 to 2, 4 and 8. Subsequently, food was given post-session and water and PCP were available under concurrent FR 8 schedules. At this final step of the procedure, acquisition of PCP self-administration was considered to occur if PCP intake consistently exceeded water intake. When all three groups were given concurrent access to PCP and water, PCP intake was greater than water intake only in the group of monkeys receiving the high PCP dose. PCP intake increased when water replaced saccharin during intersession in the high PCP dose group. Within-group data revealed that 85.7% of monkeys acquired PCP reinforcement in the group given access to the high PCP dose while only 42.8% acquired in the other two groups. These data suggest that drug dose and presence of alternative non-drug reinforcers affect acquisition of drug self administration in non-human primates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050602
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of baclofen on maintenance and reinstatement of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 143 (1999), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Baclofen ; Cocaine ; Extinction ; Intravenous self-administration ; Maintenance dose ; Rat ; Reinstatement of responding ; Relapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Rationale: Recent studies suggest that the GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, may be a useful pharmacotherapy for cocaine abuse. Objectives: To investigate further the effects of baclofen on maintenance and reinstatement of cocaine-reinforced behavior in rats. Methods: Two groups of rats were trained to self-administer IV cocaine (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg per infusion) during daily 7-h sessions under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule. Rats were pretreated with baclofen (1.25, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg IP) or saline before the session for 5 consecutive days. An additional group of rats was trained to self-administer IV cocaine (0.4 mg/kg per infusion) during the first 2 h of daily 7-h sessions. Cocaine was replaced by saline for the remaining 5 h of the session. Once behavior had stabilized over the 7-h period, priming injections of saline (IV), cocaine (3.2 mg/kg IV) or baclofen (1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg IP) were administered prior to hour 4. Injections of baclofen (1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg IP) or saline were also given before priming injections of cocaine. Results: Pretreatment with the two higher doses of baclofen (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) decreased the number of cocaine infusions in both maintenance groups (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) over the 5-day treatment period. Baclofen had a greater suppressant effect on responding maintained by the lower dose of cocaine. Priming injections of baclofen (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) or saline did not reinstate responding. However, these same doses of baclofen dose-dependently reduced the reinstatement of responding produced by priming injections of cocaine. Conclusions: 1) The magnitude of the suppressant effects of baclofen on maintenance of cocaine self-administration depends upon the maintenance dose, 2) baclofen may be useful in preventing reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior, and 3) compared to maintenance, reinstatement of responding is more sensitive to the suppressant effects of baclofen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050937
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A concurrently available nondrug reinforcer prevents the acquisition or decreases the maintenance of cocaine-reinforced behavior (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 97 (1989), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Acquisition ; Cocaine ; Behavioral dependence ; Removal ; IV drug self-administration ; Glucose+saccharin ; Prevention ; Reinforcer interaction ; Reward contrast ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lever-Pressing responses of 55 rats were reinforced with IV-delivered cocaine (0.2 mg/kg) or saline under conditions of continuous access for 15 24-h sessions. The rats also responded on tongue-operated drinking devices for deliveries of a 3% (w/v) glucose +0.125% (w/v) sacharin (G+S) solution or water. The effects of removing these substances on behavior maintained by G+S, water, cocaine, or saline were compared in 11 groups. Terminating cocaine access produced a decrease in G+S drinking and an increase in food and water intake. In contrast, a group of rats that did not initially self-administer G+S showed increases in G+S drinking when cocaine was removed, and G+S-maintained responding persisted when cocaine was reinstated. Substitution of water for G+S produced a nearly two-fold increase in cocaine-reinforced behavior but no change in IV-delivered saline self-administration in a control group. A group that did not initially self-administer cocaine increased its infusion rate to over 400 infusions per day as soon as G+S was replaced with water. The effect of presenting cocaine to a group that responded for G+S alone was to decrease G+S intake, but there was only a a transient decrease in water intake in the control group. Likewise, presentation of G+S to a group of rats self-administering cocaine resulted in a decrease in infusions, but saline infusions did not change in a control group. Generally, there was an increase in food and water intake during cocaine removal, but food and water intake did not vary systematically with the removal or presentation of G+S. The results suggest that behavior reinforced by IV-delivered cocaine can be substantially altered by the discontinuation or presentation of G+S, an orally self-administered nondrug reinforcer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443407
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats is reduced by dietaryl-tryptophan (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 100 (1990), S. 293-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Intravenous ; Cocaine ; Self-administration ; Dietaryl-tryptophan ; Serotonin (5-HT)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to self-administer intravenously-delivered cocaine. Four lever-press responses resulted in a cocaine infusion (0.2 mg/kg) during daily 24-h sessions. The rats were also trained to obtain water from tongue-operated solenoid-driven drinking spouts. Ground food and water from a standard drinking bottle were also available. When cocaine injections reached stable levels,l-tryptophan was mixed with the rats' food for 5 days. Three concentrations ofl-tryptophan (2, 4, and 8%) were tested in different groups of five rats each. Three other groups of five rats each received the samel-tryptophan treatments; however, in these rats saline was substituted for cocaine and a sweet drinking solution consisting of glucose and saccharin (G + S) replaced water in the automatic drinking device. Two other groups consisting of five rats each self-administered a higher (0.4 mg/kg) or lower (0.1 mg/kg) unit dose of cocaine and food adulterated with 4% tryptophan. At the two higher concentrationsl-tryptophan reduced cocaine infusions by at least 50% during the 5 days of treatment, and cocaine infusions returned to baseline levels within 48 h after the regular diet was restored. Responding reinforced by the G + S solution was not altered by any of thel-tryptophan concentrations. Food intake was substantially lowered by the 8%l-tryptophan concentration; however, water intake, responding on an inactive lever, and the number of saline infusions were not affected by addition ofl-tryptophan to the food.l-Tryptophan had the same magnitude of effect on self-administration of the 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg unit doses of cocaine, but behavior maintained by the highest cocaine dose (0.4 mg/kg) was resistant to the effect ofl-tryptophan. The results of this experiment indicate thatl-tryptophan reduces behavior reinforced by IV cocaine infusions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244596
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