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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A neuropharmacological analysis of the discriminative stimulus properties of fenfluramine (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 73 (1981), S. 110-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fenfluramine ; Hallucinogens ; LSD ; Lisuride ; Quipazine ; MK-212 ; p-Chloroamphetamine ; p-Chlorophenylalanine ; d-Amphetamine ; Cocaine ; Fluoxetine ; Serotonin ; Serotonin agonists ; Serotonin antagonists ; Drug discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate fenfluramine (1.0 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever drug discrimination task. The dose-response curve for this discrimination was orderly with an ED50 of about one-half of the training dose (0.52 mg/kg). In substitution tests, indirect (p-chloroamphetamine) and direct (quipazine, MK-212, lisuride) serotonin (5-HT) agonists substituted for fenfluramine. Since none of these compounds have been reported to be hallucinogenic and the potent hallucinogen LSD did not substitute completely, it was suggested that the discriminative stimulus properties of fenfluramine are not related to its ability to produce hallucinations in humans. The fenfluramine cue, like the quipazine cue, was antagonized by the 5-HT antagonists cyproheptadine and methiothepin. Unlike quipazine, fenfluramine was also partially antagonized by the 5-HT uptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, and the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine. Thus, the fenfluramine cue differs from that of quipazine in that it is mediated via indirect actions on 5-HT receptors. Since the indirect dopamine (DA) agonist d-amphetamine failed to substitute and the DA antagonist haloperidol failed to block the fenfluramine cue, a mediating role for DA was not indicated. Another indirect DA agonist, cocaine, substituted partially for fenfluramine, a result which paralleled that seen with fluoxetine. Both of these partial substututions were reduced by cyproheptadine; therefore, it was concluded that these effects may be due to the common ability of cocaine, fluoxetine, and fenfluramine to inhibit 5-HT uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429199
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX on the development and expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine and amphetamine (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 134 (1997), S. 266-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words AMPA ; NBQX ; Behavioral sensitization ; Cocaine ; Amphetamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the effect of 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX), an antagonist of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) subtype of glutamate receptor, on the development and expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine and cocaine in rats. A single injection of NBQX (12.5 mg/kg) administered 30 min prior to cocaine during the induction phase (days 1–5) prevented the development of cocaine sensitization, assessed by responsiveness to cocaine challenge on day 8. This NBQX regimen did not affect development of amphetamine sensitization. Two pretreatment injections of NBQX, one 20 min before and one 70 min after amphetamine on each day of the induction phase (days 1–6), did not affect sensitization of stereotypy but prevented sensitization of post-stereotypy ambulatory hyperactivity (both assessed by responsiveness to amphetamine challenge on day 8). The effect of NBQX on ambulatory sensitization was dose-dependent (attenuation with 12.5 mg/kg, complete prevention with 25 mg/kg). In contrast to its effects on development, NBQX (25 mg/kg) did not prevent expression of sensitization to cocaine or amphetamine. NBQX itself exerted no significant effects on locomotor activity in either drug-naive rats or rats that had received either NBQX or amphetamine repeatedly. These findings support a requirement for AMPA receptor stimulation in the development of locomotor sensitization to cocaine and amphetamine, but suggest a different mechanism for sensitization of amphetamine stereotypy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050449
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decreased critical mixed venous oxygen tension and critical oxygen transport during induced hypothermia in pigs (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 2 (1986), S. 155-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Hypothermia ; Hypoxia ; Oxygen ; tension ; mixed venous ; coronary sinus ; critical oxygen ; transport ; critical oxygen ; oxyhemoglobin dissociation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of hypothermia on oxygen delivery and tolerance to hypoxia were studied in 8 normothermic (36.8°C) and 10 hypothermic (29.3°C) pigs that had been anesthetized and surgically implanted with instruments. Cardiac output ( $$\dot Q$$ t), $$\dot V$$ o 2 [oxygen consumption, or $$\dot Q$$ t × $$C(a - \bar v)O_2 $$ , where $$C(a - \bar v)O_2 $$ is arteriovenous oxygen content difference], arterial and mixed venous blood gas values, and lactate concentrations were measured as the animals were made progressively hypoxic. Under control, normoxic conditions, mixed venous oxygen tension ( $$P\bar vO_2 $$ ) was 41.4 ± 2.1 mm Hg (mean ± SE) in the normothermic animals and 26.1 ± 1.6 mm Hg in the hypothermic animals; these values are close to those predicted in our previous theoretical analysis. To study tolerance to hypoxia during hypothermia, critical $$P\bar vO_2 $$ and critical total oxygen transport (TOT = $$\dot Q$$ t × CaO2, where CaO2 is oxygen content of arterial blood) were determined by decreasing the inspired oxygen concentration (FiO2) in steps and measuring the point where $$\dot V$$ o 2 and blood lactate levels becamePo 2 or TOT dependent. Again as predicted, the critical $$P\bar vO_2 $$ was lower in the hypothermic animals (15.5 ± 1.0 mm Hg at 29.3°C compared with 22.0 ± 1.4 mm Hg at 36.8°C), but critical venous oxyhemoglobin saturation values were not statistically different at the two temperatures. Critical TOT was also decreased during hypothermia, as was the margin of reserve in both $$P\bar vO_2 $$ and TOT (the difference between the normoxic and the critical values).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01620548
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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